1. What is control and coordination?
Regulation of body functions by nervous and endocrine systems.
2. What are the two systems for control in humans?
Nervous and endocrine systems.
3. What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
Neuron.
4. What is a neuron?
Nerve cell transmitting impulses.
5. What are the three parts of a neuron?
Cell body, dendrites, axon.
6. What are dendrites?
Short fibers receiving signals.
7. What is an axon?
Long fiber transmitting signals.
8. What is a synapse?
Junction between two neurons.
9. What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals transmitting signals at synapses.
10. What is a nerve impulse?
Electrical signal in neurons.
11. What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
Brain and spinal cord.
12. What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Nerves outside CNS.
13. What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory, motor, relay.
14. What is a sensory neuron?
Carries impulses from receptors to CNS.
15. What is a motor neuron?
Carries impulses from CNS to effectors.
16. What is a relay neuron?
Connects sensory and motor neurons.
17. What is a reflex action?
Rapid, involuntary response.
18. What is a reflex arc?
Pathway of reflex action.
19. What is the brain?
Control center of the body.
20. What are the three main parts of the brain?
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.
21. What is the forebrain responsible for?
Thinking, memory, reasoning.
22. What is the cerebrum?
Largest part of the brain (in forebrain).
23. What is the midbrain responsible for?
Visual and auditory reflexes.
24. What is the hindbrain responsible for?
Balance, posture, involuntary actions.
25. What is the cerebellum?
Part of hindbrain controlling balance.
26. What is the medulla oblongata?
Controls involuntary actions (breathing, heartbeat).
27. What is the spinal cord?
Nerve column protected by vertebrae.
28. What is a nerve?
Bundle of axons.
29. What are cranial nerves?
Nerves arising from the brain.
30. What are spinal nerves?
Nerves arising from the spinal cord.
31. What are voluntary actions?
Actions under conscious control.
32. What are involuntary actions?
Actions not under conscious control.
33. What is the endocrine system?
Glands secreting hormones.
34. What are hormones?
Chemical messengers.
35. What is insulin?
Hormone regulating blood sugar.
36. Which gland secretes insulin?
Pancreas.
37. What is adrenaline?
Fight or flight hormone.
38. Which gland secretes adrenaline?
Adrenal gland.
39. What is thyroxine?
Hormone regulating metabolism.
40. Which gland secretes thyroxine?
Thyroid gland.
41. What is growth hormone?
Hormone for growth.
42. Which gland secretes growth hormone?
Pituitary gland.
43. What is testosterone?
Male sex hormone.
44. Which gland secretes testosterone?
Testes.
45. What is estrogen?
Female sex hormone.
46. Which gland secretes estrogen?
Ovaries.
47. What is the pituitary gland called?
Master gland.
48. What is diabetes?
Disorder due to insulin deficiency.
49. What is a feedback mechanism?
Regulation of hormone secretion.
50. What is phototropism?
Plant growth towards light.
51. What is geotropism?
Plant growth towards gravity.
52. What is hydrotropism?
Plant growth towards water.
53. What is chemotropism?
Plant growth towards chemicals.
54. What is thigmotropism?
Plant growth towards touch.
55. What are auxins?
Plant hormones for growth.
56. What is gibberellin?
Plant hormone for stem elongation.
57. What is cytokinin?
Plant hormone for cell division.
58. What is abscisic acid?
Plant hormone inhibiting growth.
59. What is ethylene?
Plant hormone for fruit ripening.
60. What is a stimulus?
Change in environment causing response.
61. What is a receptor?
Detects stimulus.
62. What is an effector?
Muscle or gland responding to stimulus.
63. What is a sensory organ?
Organ detecting stimuli (e.g., eyes, ears).
64. What is the function of the eye?
Vision.
65. What is the function of the ear?
Hearing and balance.
66. What is the function of the nose?
Smell.
67. What is the function of the tongue?
Taste.
68. What is the function of the skin?
Touch and temperature sensing.
69. What is the cornea?
Transparent front part of the eye.
70. What is the iris?
Colored part of the eye.
71. What is the pupil?
Opening in the iris.
72. What is the lens?
Focuses light on the retina.
73. What is the retina?
Light-sensitive layer in the eye.
74. What are rods and cones?
Photoreceptors in the retina.
75. What is the optic nerve?
Carries visual signals to the brain.
76. What is myopia?
Nearsightedness.
77. What is hypermetropia?
Farsightedness.
78. What is cataract?
Clouding of the eye lens.
79. What is the eardrum?
Membrane vibrating to sound.
80. What is the cochlea?
Hearing organ in the inner ear.
81. What is the auditory nerve?
Carries sound signals to the brain.
82. What is the function of taste buds?
Detect taste.
83. What are the five basic tastes?
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami.
84. What is homeostasis?
Maintaining internal balance.
85. What is a hormone imbalance?
Excess or deficiency of a hormone.
86. What is a target organ?
Organ affected by a hormone.
87. What is negative feedback?
Mechanism reversing hormone levels.
88. What is positive feedback?
Mechanism amplifying hormone levels.
89. What is the hypothalamus?
Brain region controlling pituitary gland.
90. What is the thyroid gland?
Produces thyroxine.
91. What is the parathyroid gland?
Regulates calcium levels.
92. What is the thymus gland?
Helps in immune function.
93. What is the pineal gland?
Produces melatonin.
94. What is melatonin?
Hormone regulating sleep.
95. What is oxytocin?
Hormone for childbirth and bonding.
96. What is vasopressin?
Hormone regulating water balance.
97. What is the adrenal gland?
Produces adrenaline and cortisol.
98. What is cortisol?
Stress hormone.
99. What is the pancreas?
Produces insulin and glucagon.
100. What is glucagon?
Hormone increasing blood sugar.
101. What is the gonads?
Reproductive glands (testes/ovaries).
102. What is the menstrual cycle?
Monthly reproductive cycle in females.
103. What is puberty?
Stage of sexual maturity.
104. What are secondary sexual characteristics?
Features developing at puberty.
105. What is the fight or flight response?
Body’s reaction to danger.
106. What is a nerve fiber?
Long projection of a neuron.
107. What is myelination?
Insulation of nerve fibers.
108. What is a Schwann cell?
Produces myelin sheath.
109. What is the myelin sheath?
Fatty layer speeding up nerve impulses.
110. What is saltatory conduction?
Jumping of nerve impulses.
111. What is a node of Ranvier?
Gap in the myelin sheath.
112. What is multiple sclerosis?
Disease damaging myelin sheath.
113. What is Parkinson’s disease?
Disorder affecting movement.
114. What is Alzheimer’s disease?
Memory loss disorder.
115. What is epilepsy?
Seizure disorder.
116. What is a stroke?
Brain damage due to blood blockage.
117. What is paralysis?
Loss of muscle function.
118. What is a spinal injury?
Damage to the spinal cord.
119. What is a neurotransmitter?
Chemical messenger at synapses.
120. What is acetylcholine?
Neurotransmitter for muscle movement.
121. What is dopamine?
Neurotransmitter for pleasure.
122. What is serotonin?
Neurotransmitter for mood.
123. What is GABA?
Inhibitory neurotransmitter.
124. What is glutamate?
Excitatory neurotransmitter.
125. What is endorphin?
Pain-relieving neurotransmitter.
126. What is a synapse?
Junction between neurons.
127. What is synaptic cleft?
Gap between neurons.
128. What is synaptic transmission?
Transfer of signals between neurons.
129. What is a reflex?
Automatic response to stimulus.
130. What is a conditioned reflex?
Learned reflex.
131. What is an unconditioned reflex?
Innate reflex.
132. What is the knee-jerk reflex?
Stretch reflex.
133. What is the withdrawal reflex?
Pulling away from pain.
134. What is the blinking reflex?
Closing eyes to protect them.
135. What is the pupillary reflex?
Pupil constriction to light.
136. What is the salivary reflex?
Saliva production to food.
137. What is the sneezing reflex?
Expelling irritants from the nose.
138. What is the coughing reflex?
Clearing the airway.
139. What is the gag reflex?
Preventing choking.
140. What is the rooting reflex?
Baby turning towards touch.
141. What is the sucking reflex?
Baby sucking for feeding.
142. What is the grasping reflex?
Baby holding objects.
143. What is the Moro reflex?
Baby’s startle response.
144. What is the Babinski reflex?
Toes fanning when foot is stroked.
145. What is the tonic neck reflex?
Baby’s fencing posture.
146. What is the stepping reflex?
Baby’s walking-like movement.
147. What is the swimming reflex?
Baby’s paddling in water.
148. What is the diving reflex?
Slowed heart rate underwater.
149. What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
Eye movement stabilizing gaze.
150. What is the acoustic reflex?
Ear protecting from loud sounds.
151. What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
Preventing overinflation of lungs.
152. What is the baroreceptor reflex?
Regulating blood pressure.
153. What is the chemoreceptor reflex?
Responding to chemical changes.
154. What is the Golgi tendon reflex?
Preventing muscle overstretching.
155. What is the stretch reflex?
Muscle contraction to stretching.
156. What is the crossed-extensor reflex?
Balancing during withdrawal reflex.
157. What is the plantar reflex?
Toes curling when foot is stroked.
158. What is the cremasteric reflex?
Testicle elevation when thigh is stroked.
159. What is the corneal reflex?
Blinking when cornea is touched.
160. What is the vestibulospinal reflex?
Maintaining posture.
161. What is the optokinetic reflex?
Eye tracking moving objects.
162. What is the startle reflex?
Reaction to sudden stimuli.
163. What is the orienting reflex?
Turning towards a stimulus.
164. What is the grasp reflex?
Hand gripping an object.
165. What is the rooting reflex?
166. What is the sucking reflex?
167. What is the Moro reflex?
168. What is the Babinski reflex?
169. What is the tonic neck reflex?
170. What is the stepping reflex?
171. What is the swimming reflex?
172. What is the diving reflex?
173. What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
174. What is the acoustic reflex?
175. What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
176. What is the baroreceptor reflex?
177. What is the chemoreceptor reflex?
178. What is the Golgi tendon reflex?
179. What is the stretch reflex?
180. What is the crossed-extensor reflex?
181. What is the plantar reflex?
182. What is the cremasteric reflex?
183. What is the corneal reflex?
184. What is the vestibulospinal reflex?
185. What is the optokinetic reflex?
186. What is the startle reflex?
187. What is the orienting reflex?
188. What is the grasp reflex?
189. What is the rooting reflex?
190. What is the sucking reflex?
191. What is the Moro reflex?
192. What is the Babinski reflex?
193. What is the tonic neck reflex?
194. What is the stepping reflex?
195. What is the swimming reflex?
196. What is the diving reflex?
197. What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
198. What is the acoustic reflex?
199. What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
200. What is the baroreceptor reflex?
201. What is the chemoreceptor reflex?
202. What is the Golgi tendon reflex?
203. What is the stretch reflex?
204. What is the crossed-extensor reflex?
205. What is the plantar reflex?
206. What is the cremasteric reflex?
207. What is the corneal reflex?
208. What is the vestibulospinal reflex?
209. What is the optokinetic reflex?
210. What is the startle reflex?
211. What is the orienting reflex?
212. What is the grasp reflex?
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