STRUCTURE OF ATOM

THIS IS NOTES FOR STRUCTURE_OF_ATOM

























1. What is an atom?


Smallest unit of element.



2. Who proposed the plum pudding model?


J.J. Thomson.



3. What is the plum pudding model?


Atom as positive mass with embedded electrons.







4. What are cathode rays?


Stream of electrons.



5. Who discovered the electron?


J.J. Thomson.



6. What is the charge of an electron?


-1.602 x 10^-19 C.







7. What is the mass of an electron?


9.109 x 10^-31 kg.



8. What is e/m ratio?


Charge to mass ratio.



9. What is the e/m value for electron?


1.758 x 10^11 C/kg.







10. Who discovered the proton?


Ernest Rutherford.



11. What is the charge of a proton?


+1.602 x 10^-19 C.



12. What is the mass of a proton?


1.673 x 10^-27 kg.







13. Who discovered the neutron?


James Chadwick.



14. What is the mass of a neutron?


1.675 x 10^-27 kg.



15. What is the charge of a neutron?


Zero.







16. What is Rutherford’s model?


Nucleus with orbiting electrons.



17. What is the nucleus?


Dense, positive core of atom.



18. What was alpha particle scattering?


Gold foil experiment.







19. What did Rutherford conclude?


Atom mostly empty, dense nucleus.



20. What is a limitation of Rutherford’s model?


Couldn’t explain electron stability.



21. Who proposed the planetary model?


Niels Bohr.







22. What is Bohr’s model?


Electrons in fixed orbits.



23. What is an orbit?


Fixed electron path.



24. What is the energy of Bohr’s orbit?


Quantized energy levels.







25. What is the formula for Bohr’s radius?


a₀



26. What is the radius of first orbit?


0.529 Å.



27. What is the energy of electron in nth orbit?


Eₙ







28. What is the energy of H-atom in ground state?


-13.6 eV.



29. What is ionization energy?


Energy to remove electron.



30. What is the ionization energy of H?


13.6 eV.







31. What is a limitation of Bohr’s model?


Works only for H-like atoms.



32. What is an atomic number?


Number of protons.



33. What is mass number?


Protons plus neutrons.







34. What is an isotope?


Same protons, different neutrons.



35. What is an example of isotope?


C-12, C-14.



36. What is an isobar?


Same mass number, different protons.







37. What is an example of isobar?


C-14, N-14.



38. What is electromagnetic radiation?


Energy as waves or particles.



39. What is wavelength?


Distance between wave crests.







40. What is frequency?


Cycles per second.



41. What is the speed of light?


3 x 10^8 m/s.



42. What is the relation between frequency and wavelength?


c







43. What is a photon?


Quantum of light.



44. What is the energy of a photon?


E



45. What is Planck’s constant?


6.626 x 10^-34 Js.







46. Who proposed quantum theory?


Max Planck.



47. What is black body radiation?


Energy emitted by heated object.



48. What is the photoelectric effect?


Electrons ejected by light.







49. Who explained photoelectric effect?


Albert Einstein.



50. What is threshold frequency?


Minimum frequency for ejection.



51. What is work function?


Energy to eject electron.







52. What is the photoelectric equation?


hν



53. What is spectrum?


Range of electromagnetic waves.



54. What is a continuous spectrum?


All wavelengths present.







55. What is an emission spectrum?


Light emitted by atoms.



56. What is an absorption spectrum?


Light absorbed by atoms.



57. What is line spectrum?


Discrete lines of light.







58. What is hydrogen’s line spectrum?


Series of colored lines.



59. What is the Balmer series?


Visible lines of H-spectrum.



60. What is the Lyman series?


UV lines of H-spectrum.







61. What is the Rydberg formula?


1/Îť



62. What is Rydberg constant?


1.097 x 10^7 m^-1.



63. What is the wave-particle duality?


Matter shows wave and particle nature.







64. Who proposed wave nature of electron?


Louis de Broglie.



65. What is de Broglie wavelength?


Îť



66. What is momentum?


Mass times velocity.







67. What is Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle?


Cannot know position and momentum exactly.



68. What is the uncertainty formula?


Δx · Δp ≥ h/4π.



69. Who proposed uncertainty principle?


Werner Heisenberg.







70. What is quantum mechanics?


Study of atomic behavior.



71. What is Schrödinger’s equation?


Describes electron wavefunction.



72. What is a wavefunction?


Mathematical description of electron.







73. What is an orbital?


Region of electron probability.



74. What is the quantum mechanical model?


Describes electrons as waves.



75. What is a quantum number?


Describes electron properties.







76. What is the principal quantum number?


n, energy level.



77. What is the azimuthal quantum number?


l, subshell shape.



78. What is the magnetic quantum number?


mₗ, orbital orientation.







79. What is the spin quantum number?


mₛ, electron spin.



80. What are the values of n?


1, 2, 3, ...



81. What are the values of l?


0 to (n-1).







82. What are the values of mₗ?


-l to +l.



83. What are the values of mₛ?


+1/2 or -1/2.



84. What is the s subshell?


l







85. What is the p subshell?


l



86. What is the d subshell?


l



87. What is the f subshell?


l







88. How many orbitals in s subshell?


1 orbital.



89. How many orbitals in p subshell?


3 orbitals.



90. How many orbitals in d subshell?


5 orbitals.







91. How many orbitals in f subshell?


7 orbitals.



92. What is the Pauli exclusion principle?


No two electrons same quantum numbers.



93. What is Aufbau principle?


Electrons fill lowest energy first.







94. What is Hund’s rule?


Maximize unpaired electrons.



95. What is electronic configuration?


Arrangement of electrons.



96. What is the configuration of H?


1sš.







97. What is the configuration of He?


1s².



98. What is the configuration of Li?


1s² 2sš.



99. What is the configuration of Be?


1s² 2s².







100. What is the configuration of B?


1s² 2s² 2pš.



101. What is the configuration of C?


1s² 2s² 2p².



102. What is the configuration of N?


1s² 2s² 2p³.







103. What is the configuration of O?


1s² 2s² 2p⁴.



104. What is the configuration of F?


1s² 2s² 2p⁾.



105. What is the configuration of Ne?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜.







106. What is the configuration of Na?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3sš.



107. What is the configuration of Mg?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s².



108. What is the configuration of Al?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3pš.







109. What is the configuration of Si?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p².



110. What is the configuration of P?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p³.



111. What is the configuration of S?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p⁴.







112. What is the configuration of Cl?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p⁾.



113. What is the configuration of Ar?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p⁜.



114. What is the configuration of K?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p⁜ 4sš.







115. What is the configuration of Ca?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p⁜ 4s².



116. What is half-filled stability?


Subshells like pÂł stable.



117. What is fully-filled stability?


Subshells like p⁜ stable.







118. What is the configuration of Cr?


[Ar] 3d⁾ 4sš.



119. Why is Cr’s configuration different?


Half-filled 3d stability.



120. What is the configuration of Cu?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4sš.







121. Why is Cu’s configuration different?


Fully-filled 3d stability.



122. What is ground state?


Lowest energy configuration.



123. What is excited state?


Electron in higher orbital.







124. What is valence electron?


Outermost shell electron.



125. What is core electron?


Inner shell electron.



126. How many valence electrons in Na?


1.







127. How many valence electrons in O?


6.



128. What is the atomic number of H?


1.



129. What is the atomic number of He?


2.







130. What is the atomic number of Li?


3.



131. What is the atomic number of Be?


4.



132. What is the atomic number of B?


5.







133. What is the atomic number of C?


6.



134. What is the atomic number of N?


7.



135. What is the atomic number of O?


8.







136. What is the atomic number of F?


9.



137. What is the atomic number of Ne?


10.



138. What is the mass number of C-12?


12.







139. What is the mass number of C-14?


14.



140. How many protons in Na?


11.



141. How many neutrons in Na-23?


12.







142. How many electrons in neutral Na?


11.



143. What is an ion?


Charged atom.



144. What is a cation?


Positive ion.







145. What is an anion?


Negative ion.



146. How many electrons in Na⁺?


10.



147. How many electrons in Cl⁝?


18.







148. What is the configuration of Na⁺?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜.



149. What is the configuration of Cl⁝?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p⁜.



150. What is the Bohr radius for n


2.116 Å.







151. What is the energy for n


-3.4 eV.



152. What is the shape of s orbital?


Spherical.



153. What is the shape of p orbital?


Dumbbell.







154. How many electrons in s orbital?


2 electrons.



155. How many electrons in p subshell?


6 electrons.



156. How many electrons in d subshell?


10 electrons.







157. How many electrons in f subshell?


14 electrons.



158. What is the maximum electrons in n


2 electrons.



159. What is the maximum electrons in n


8 electrons.







160. What is the maximum electrons in n


18 electrons.



161. What is the maximum electrons in n


32 electrons.



162. What is the formula for max electrons?


2n².







163. What is the configuration of Sc?


[Ar] 3dš 4s².



164. What is the configuration of Ti?


[Ar] 3d² 4s².



165. What is the configuration of V?


[Ar] 3d³ 4s².







166. What is the configuration of Mn?


[Ar] 3d⁾ 4s².



167. What is the configuration of Fe?


[Ar] 3d⁜ 4s².



168. What is the configuration of Co?


[Ar] 3d⁡ 4s².







169. What is the configuration of Ni?


[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s².



170. What is the configuration of Zn?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s².



171. What is the atomic number of Sc?


21.







172. What is the atomic number of Zn?


30.



173. What is the de Broglie wavelength of electron?


Îť



174. What is the significance of wavefunction?


Gives electron probability.







175. What is ψ²?


Probability density.



176. What is a node?


Region of zero probability.



177. How many nodes in 1s orbital?


0 nodes.







178. How many nodes in 2s orbital?


1 node.



179. How many nodes in 2p orbital?


1 node.



180. What is radial node?


Spherical node.







181. What is angular node?


Planar node.



182. How many radial nodes?


n - l - 1.



183. How many angular nodes?


l.







184. What is total nodes?


n - 1.



185. What is the energy difference between n


10.2 eV.



186. What is the wavelength of Lyman series?


UV region.







187. What is the wavelength of Balmer series?


Visible region.



188. What is the Paschen series?


Infrared lines of H-spectrum.



189. What is the configuration of K⁺?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p⁜.







190. What is the configuration of Ca²⁺?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p⁜.



191. How many valence electrons in Mg?


2.



192. How many valence electrons in Cl?


7.







193. What is the atomic number of Mg?


12.



194. What is the atomic number of Cl?


17.



195. What is the mass number of Cl-35?


35.







196. What is the mass number of Cl-37?


37.



197. How many protons in Cl?


17.



198. How many neutrons in Cl-35?


18.







199. What is the configuration of Br?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s² 4p⁾.



200. What is the configuration of Kr?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s² 4p⁜.



201. What is the atomic number of Br?


35.







202. What is the atomic number of Kr?


36.



203. How many valence electrons in Br?


7.



204. How many valence electrons in Kr?


8.







205. What is the configuration of Fe²⁺?


[Ar] 3d⁜.



206. What is the configuration of Cu²⁺?


[Ar] 3d⁚.



207. What is degeneracy?


Orbitals with same energy.







208. What is the energy of n


-1.51 eV.



209. What is the radius for n


4.761 Å.



210. What is the shape of d orbital?


Double dumbbell.







211. How many orbitals in n


1 orbital.



212. How many orbitals in n


4 orbitals.



213. How many orbitals in n


9 orbitals.







214. What is the formula for orbitals?


n².



215. What is the configuration of Ag?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5sš.



216. What is the configuration of Au?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6sš.







217. What is the atomic number of Ag?


47.



218. What is the atomic number of Au?


79.



219. What is the Compton effect?


Scattering of photons by electrons.







220. What is pair production?


Photon forms electron-positron pair.



221. What is a positron?


Positive electron.



222. What is the charge of positron?


+1.602 x 10^-19 C.







223. What is annihilation?


Electron-positron form photons.



224. What is the configuration of N³⁝?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜.



225. What is the configuration of O²⁝?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜.







226. How many electrons in N³⁝?


10.



227. How many electrons in O²⁝?


10.



228. What is isoelectronic?


Same number of electrons.







229. What is an example of isoelectronic?


N³⁝, O²⁝, Ne.



230. What is the atomic number of Fe?


26.



231. What is the atomic number of Cu?


29.







232. What is the mass number of Fe-56?


56.



233. How many neutrons in Fe-56?


30.



234. What is the configuration of Rb?


[Kr] 5sš.







235. What is the configuration of Sr?


[Kr] 5s².



236. What is the atomic number of Rb?


37.



237. What is the atomic number of Sr?


38.







238. How many valence electrons in Rb?


1.



239. How many valence electrons in Sr?


2.



240. What is the configuration of I?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s² 5p⁾.







241. What is the configuration of Xe?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s² 5p⁜.



242. What is the atomic number of I?


53.



243. What is the atomic number of Xe?


54.







244. How many valence electrons in I?


7.



245. How many valence electrons in Xe?


8.



246. What is the energy of n


-0.85 eV.







247. What is the radius for n


8.464 Å.



248. What is the Brackett series?


Infrared lines, n₁



249. What is the Pfund series?


Infrared lines, n₁







250. What is the maximum wavelength of Lyman?


121.6 nm.



251. What is the minimum wavelength of Balmer?


364.6 nm.



252. What is the configuration of Cs?


[Xe] 6sš.







253. What is the configuration of Ba?


[Xe] 6s².



254. What is the atomic number of Cs?


55.



255. What is the atomic number of Ba?


56.







256. How many valence electrons in Cs?



257. How many valence electrons in Ba?


2.



258. What is the configuration of Hg?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s².







259. What is the atomic number of Hg?


80.



260. How many valence electrons in Hg?


2.



261. What is the configuration of Pb?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s² 6p².







262. What is the atomic number of Pb?


82.



263. How many valence electrons in Pb?


4.



264. What is the configuration of Bi?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s² 6p³.







265. What is the atomic number of Bi?


83.



266. How many valence electrons in Bi?


5.



267. What is the configuration of Rn?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s² 6p⁜.







268. What is the atomic number of Rn?


86.



269. How many valence electrons in Rn?


8.



270. What is the configuration of Fr?


[Rn] 7sš.







271. What is the atomic number of Fr?


87.



272. How many valence electrons in Fr?


1.



273. What is the configuration of Ra?


[Rn] 7s².







274. What is the atomic number of Ra?


88.



275. How many valence electrons in Ra?


2.



276. What is the configuration of U?


[Rn] 5f³ 6dš 7s².







277. What is the atomic number of U?


92.



278. How many valence electrons in U?


6.



279. What is the significance of quantum numbers?


Define electron’s state.







280. What is the shape of f orbital?


Complex, multiple lobes.



281. How many nodes in 3s orbital?


2 nodes.



282. How many nodes in 3p orbital?


2 nodes.







283. How many nodes in 3d orbital?


2 nodes.



284. How many radial nodes in 2s?


1.



285. How many radial nodes in 2p?


0.







286. How many angular nodes in p orbital?


1.



287. How many angular nodes in d orbital?


2.



288. What is the configuration of Mo?


[Kr] 4d⁾ 5sš.







289. What is the configuration of Pd?


[Kr] 4dš⁰.



290. What is the atomic number of Mo?


42.



291. What is the atomic number of Pd?


46.







292. Why is Pd’s configuration unique?


Fully-filled 4d subshell.



293. What is the configuration of Nb?


[Kr] 4d⁴ 5sš.



294. What is the atomic number of Nb?


41.







295. What is the configuration of Tc?


[Kr] 4d⁾ 5s².



296. What is the atomic number of Tc?


43.



297. What is the configuration of Ru?


[Kr] 4d⁡ 5sš.







298. What is the atomic number of Ru?


44.



299. What is the configuration of Rh?


[Kr] 4d⁸ 5sš.



300. What is the atomic number of Rh?


45.







301. What is the configuration of Cd?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s².



302. What is the atomic number of Cd?


48.



303. What is the configuration of In?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s² 5pš.







304. What is the atomic number of In?


49.



305. What is the configuration of Sn?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s² 5p².



306. What is the atomic number of Sn?


50.







307. What is the configuration of Sb?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s² 5p³.



308. What is the atomic number of Sb?


51.



309. What is the configuration of Te?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s² 5p⁴.







310. What is the atomic number of Te?


52.



311. How many valence electrons in Sn?


4.



312. How many valence electrons in Sb?


5.







313. How many valence electrons in Te?


6.



314. What is the configuration of La?


[Xe] 5dš 6s².



315. What is the atomic number of La?


57.







316. What is the configuration of Ce?


[Xe] 4fš 5dš 6s².



317. What is the atomic number of Ce?


58.



318. What is the configuration of Pr?


[Xe] 4f³ 6s².







319. What is the atomic number of Pr?


59.



320. What is the configuration of Nd?


[Xe] 4f⁴ 6s².



321. What is the atomic number of Nd?


60.







322. What is the configuration of Gd?


[Xe] 4f⁡ 5dš 6s².



323. What is the atomic number of Gd?


64.



324. What is the configuration of Tb?


[Xe] 4649 6s².







325. What is the atomic number of Tb?


65.



326. What is the configuration of Dy?


[Xe] 4fš⁰ 6s².



327. What is the atomic number of Dy?


66.







328. What is the configuration of Ho?


[Xe] 4fšš 6s².



329. What is the atomic number of Ho?


67.



330. What is the configuration of Er?


[Xe] 4fš² 6s².







331. What is the atomic number of Er?


68.



332. What is the configuration of Tm?


[Xe] 4fš³ 6s².



333. What is the atomic number of Tm?


69.







334. What is the configuration of Yb?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 6s².



335. What is the atomic number of Yb?


70.



336. What is the configuration of Lu?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš 6s².







337. What is the atomic number of Lu?


71.



338. What are lanthanides?


Elements 58 to 71.



339. What is the configuration of Ac?


[Rn] 6dš 7s².







340. What is the atomic number of Ac?


89.



341. What is the configuration of Th?


[Rn] 6d² 7s².



342. What is the atomic number of Th?


90.







343. What is the configuration of Pa?


[Rn] 5f² 6dš 7s².



344. What is the atomic number of Pa?


91.



345. What are actinides?


Elements 90 to 103.







346. How many valence electrons in La?


3.



347. How many valence electrons in Ce?


4.



348. What is the configuration of Mg²⁺?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜.







349. What is the configuration of Al³⁺?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜.



350. How many electrons in Mg²⁺?


10.



351. How many electrons in Al³⁺?


10.







352. What is the configuration of S²⁝?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p⁜.



353. How many electrons in S²⁝?


18.



354. What is the configuration of P³⁝?


1s² 2s² 2p⁜ 3s² 3p⁜.







355. How many electrons in P³⁝?


18.



356. What is the configuration of Zn²⁺?


[Ar] 3dš⁰.



357. How many electrons in Zn²⁺?


28.







358. What is the configuration of Ni²⁺?


[Ar] 3d⁸.



359. How many electrons in Ni²⁺?


26.



360. What is the configuration of Co²⁺?


[Ar] 3d⁡.







361. How many electrons in Co²⁺?


25.



362. What is the configuration of Mn²⁺?


[Ar] 3d⁾.



363. How many electrons in Mn²⁺?


23.







364. What is the configuration of V²⁺?


[Ar] 3dÂł.



365. How many electrons in V²⁺?


21.



366. What is the configuration of Ti²⁺?


[Ar] 3d².







367. How many electrons in Ti²⁺?


20.



368. What is the configuration of Sc³⁺?


[Ar].



369. How many electrons in Sc³⁺?


18.







370. What is the configuration of Fe³⁺?


[Ar] 3d⁾.



371. How many electrons in Fe³⁺?


23.



372. What is the configuration of Co³⁺?


[Ar] 3d⁜.







373. How many electrons in Co³⁺?


24.



374. What is the configuration of Ni³⁺?


[Ar] 3d⁡.



375. How many electrons in Ni³⁺?


25.







376. What is the configuration of Cu⁺?


[Ar] 3dš⁰.



377. How many electrons in Cu⁺?


28.



378. What is the configuration of Ag⁺?


[Kr] 4dš⁰.







379. How many electrons in Ag⁺?


46.



380. What is the configuration of Au⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰.



381. How many electrons in Au⁺?


78.







382. What is the configuration of Pb²⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s².



383. How many electrons in Pb²⁺?


80.



384. What is the configuration of Bi³⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s².







385. How many electrons in Bi³⁺?


80.



386. What is the configuration of Sn²⁺?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s².



387. How many electrons in Sn²⁺?


48.







388. What is the configuration of Sb³⁺?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s².



389. How many electrons in Sb³⁺?


48.



390. What is the configuration of In³⁺?


[Kr] 4dš⁰.







391. How many electrons in In³⁺?


46.



392. What is the configuration of Cd²⁺?


[Kr] 4dš⁰.



393. How many electrons in Cd²⁺?


46.







394. What is the configuration of Sr²⁺?


[Kr].



395. How many electrons in Sr²⁺?


36.



396. What is the configuration of Rb⁺?


[Kr].







397. How many electrons in Rb⁺?


36.



398. What is the configuration of Cs⁺?


[Xe].



399. How many electrons in Cs⁺?


54.







400. What is the configuration of Ba²⁺?


[Xe].



401. How many electrons in Ba²⁺?


54.



402. What is the configuration of Ra²⁺?


[Rn].







403. How many electrons in Ra²⁺?


86.



404. What is the configuration of Fr⁺?


[Rn].



405. How many electrons in Fr⁺?


86.







406. What is the configuration of I⁝?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s² 5p⁜.



407. How many electrons in I⁝?


54.



408. What is the configuration of Te²⁝?


[Kr] 4dš⁰ 5s² 5p⁜.







409. How many electrons in Te²⁝?


54.



410. What is the configuration of Se²⁝?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s² 4p⁜.



411. How many electrons in Se²⁝?


36.







412. What is the configuration of Br⁝?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s² 4p⁜.



413. How many electrons in Br⁝?


36.



414. How many radial nodes in 3s?


2.







415. How many radial nodes in 3p?


1.



416. How many radial nodes in 3d?


0.



417. How many angular nodes in s orbital?


0.







418. How many angular nodes in f orbital?


3.



419. How many total nodes in 4s?


3.



420. How many total nodes in 4p?


3.







421. How many total nodes in 4d?


3.



422. How many total nodes in 4f?


3.



423. What is the energy of n


-0.544 eV.







424. What is the radius for n


13.225 Å.



425. What is the configuration of Ga?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s² 4pš.



426. What is the atomic number of Ga?


31.







427. What is the configuration of Ge?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s² 4p².



428. What is the atomic number of Ge?


32.



429. What is the configuration of As?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s² 4p³.







430. What is the atomic number of As?


33.



431. What is the configuration of Se?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s² 4p⁴.



432. What is the atomic number of Se?


34.







433. How many valence electrons in Ga?


3.



434. How many valence electrons in Ge?


4.



435. How many valence electrons in As?


5.







436. How many valence electrons in Se?


6.



437. What is the configuration of Tl?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s² 6pš.



438. What is the atomic number of Tl?


81.







439. What is the configuration of Po?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s² 6p⁴.



440. What is the atomic number of Po?


84.



441. What is the configuration of At?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s² 6p⁾.







442. What is the atomic number of At?


85.



443. How many valence electrons in Tl?


3.



444. How many valence electrons in Po?


6.







445. How many valence electrons in At?


7.



446. What is the configuration of Ga³⁺?


[Ar] 3dš⁰.



447. How many electrons in Ga³⁺?


28.







448. What is the configuration of Ge²⁺?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s².



449. How many electrons in Ge²⁺?


30.



450. What is the configuration of As³⁺?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s².







451. How many electrons in As³⁺?


30.



452. What is the configuration of Se²⁺?


[Ar] 3dš⁰ 4s².



453. How many electrons in Se²⁺?


32.







454. What is the configuration of Tl³⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰.



455. How many electrons in Tl³⁺?


78.



456. What is the configuration of Po²⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s² 6p².







457. How many electrons in Po²⁺?


82.



458. What is the configuration of At⁝?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰ 6s² 6p⁜.



459. How many electrons in At⁝?


86.







460. What is the configuration of Y?


[Kr] 4dš 5s².



461. What is the atomic number of Y?


39.



462. What is the configuration of Zr?


[Kr] 4d² 5s².







463. What is the atomic number of Zr?


40.



464. How many valence electrons in Y?


3.



465. How many valence electrons in Zr?


4.







466. What is the configuration of Y³⁺?


[Kr].



467. How many electrons in Y³⁺?


36.



468. What is the configuration of Zr⁴⁺?


[Kr].







469. How many electrons in Zr⁴⁺?


36.



470. What is the configuration of Eu?


[Xe] 4f⁡ 6s².



471. What is the atomic number of Eu?


63.







472. What is the configuration of Sm?


[Xe] 4f⁜ 6s².



473. What is the atomic number of Sm?


62.



474. What is the configuration of Pm?


[Xe] 4f⁾ 6s².







475. What is the atomic number of Pm?


61.



476. How many valence electrons in Eu?


2.



477. How many valence electrons in Sm?


2.







478. What is the configuration of Eu³⁺?


[Xe] 4f⁜.



479. How many electrons in Eu³⁺?


60.



480. What is the configuration of Sm³⁺?


[Xe] 4f⁾.







481. How many electrons in Sm³⁺?


59.



482. What is the configuration of Pt?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d⁚ 6sš.



483. What is the atomic number of Pt?


78.







484. What is the configuration of Ir?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d⁡ 6s².



485. What is the atomic number of Ir?


77.



486. What is the configuration of Os?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d⁜ 6s².







487. What is the atomic number of Os?


76.



488. How many valence electrons in Pt?


2.



489. How many valence electrons in Ir?


3.







490. How many valence electrons in Os?


4.



491. What is the configuration of Pt²⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d⁸.



492. How many electrons in Pt²⁺?


76.







493. What is the configuration of Ir³⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d⁜.



494. How many electrons in Ir³⁺?


74.



495. What is the configuration of Os⁴⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d⁴.







496. How many electrons in Os⁴⁺?


72.



497. What is the configuration of Np?


[Rn] 5f⁴ 6dš 7s².



498. What is the atomic number of Np?


93.







499. What is the configuration of Pu?


[Rn] 5f⁜ 7s².



500. What is the atomic number of Pu?


94.



501. How many valence electrons in Np?


5.







502. How many valence electrons in Pu?


2.



503. What is the configuration of Am?


[Rn] 5f⁡ 7s².



504. What is the atomic number of Am?


95.







505. How many valence electrons in Am?


2.



506. What is the configuration of Cm?


[Rn] 5f⁡ 6dš 7s².



507. What is the atomic number of Cm?


96.







508. How many valence electrons in Cm?


3.



509. How many radial nodes in 4s?


3.



510. How many radial nodes in 4p?


2.







511. How many radial nodes in 4d?


1.



512. How many radial nodes in 4f?


0.



513. How many angular nodes in 4f?


3.







514. How many total nodes in 5s?


4.



515. How many total nodes in 5p?


4.



516. How many total nodes in 5d?


4.







517. How many total nodes in 5f?


4.



518. What is the energy of n


-0.378 eV.



519. What is the radius for n


19.044 Å.







520. What is the configuration of Bk?


[Rn] 5f⁚ 7s².



521. What is the atomic number of Bk?


97.



522. What is the configuration of Cf?


[Rn] 5fš⁰ 7s².







523. What is the atomic number of Cf?


98.



524. What is the configuration of Es?


[Rn] 5fšš 7s².



525. What is the atomic number of Es?


99.







526. What is the configuration of Fm?


[Rn] 5fš² 7s².



527. What is the atomic number of Fm?


100.



528. How many valence electrons in Bk?


2.







529. How many valence electrons in Cf?


2.



530. How many valence electrons in Es?


2.



531. How many valence electrons in Fm?


2.







532. What is the configuration of Md?


[Rn] 5fš³ 7s².



533. What is the atomic number of Md?


101.



534. What is the configuration of No?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 7s².







535. What is the atomic number of No?


102.



536. What is the configuration of Lr?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš 7s².



537. What is the atomic number of Lr?


103.







538. How many valence electrons in Md?


2.



539. How many valence electrons in No?


2.



540. How many valence electrons in Lr?


3.







541. What is the configuration of Hg²⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5dš⁰.



542. How many electrons in Hg²⁺?


78.



543. What is the configuration of Au³⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d⁸.







544. How many electrons in Au³⁺?


76.



545. What is the configuration of Pt⁴⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d⁜.



546. How many electrons in Pt⁴⁺?


74.







547. What is the configuration of W?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d⁴ 6s².



548. What is the atomic number of W?


74.



549. What is the configuration of Re?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d⁾ 6s².







550. What is the atomic number of Re?


75.



551. How many valence electrons in W?


6.



552. How many valence electrons in Re?


7.







553. What is the configuration of Ta?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d³ 6s².



554. What is the atomic number of Ta?


73.



555. What is the configuration of Hf?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d² 6s².







556. What is the atomic number of Hf?


72.



557. How many valence electrons in Ta?


5.



558. How many valence electrons in Hf?


4.







559. What is the configuration of W⁜⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴.



560. How many electrons in W⁜⁺?


68.



561. What is the configuration of Re⁾⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴ 5d².







562. How many electrons in Re⁾⁺?


70.



563. What is the configuration of Ta⁾⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴.



564. How many electrons in Ta⁾⁺?


68.







565. What is the configuration of Hf⁴⁺?


[Xe] 4fš⁴.



566. How many electrons in Hf⁴⁺?


68.



567. How many radial nodes in 5s?


4.







568. How many radial nodes in 5p?


3.



569. How many radial nodes in 5d?


2.



570. How many radial nodes in 5f?


1.







571. How many angular nodes in 5f?


3.



572. How many total nodes in 6s?


5.



573. How many total nodes in 6p?


5.







574. How many total nodes in 6d?


5.



575. How many total nodes in 6f?


5.



576. What is the energy of n


-0.278 eV.







577. What is the radius for n


25.921 Å.



578. What is the configuration of Rf?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6d² 7s².



579. What is the atomic number of Rf?


104.







580. What is the configuration of Db?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6d³ 7s².



581. What is the atomic number of Db?


105.



582. What is the configuration of Sg?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6d⁴ 7s².







583. What is the atomic number of Sg?


106.



584. How many valence electrons in Rf?


4.



585. How many valence electrons in Db?


5.







586. How many valence electrons in Sg?


6.



587. What is the configuration of Bh?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6d⁾ 7s².



588. What is the atomic number of Bh?


107.







589. What is the configuration of Hs?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6d⁜ 7s².



590. What is the atomic number of Hs?


108.



591. What is the configuration of Mt?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6d⁡ 7s².







592. What is the atomic number of Mt?


109.



593. How many valence electrons in Bh?


7.



594. How many valence electrons in Hs?


8.







595. How many valence electrons in Mt?


9.



596. What is the configuration of Ds?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6d⁸ 7s².



597. What is the atomic number of Ds?


110.







598. What is the configuration of Rg?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6d⁚ 7s².



599. What is the atomic number of Rg?


111.



600. What is the configuration of Cn?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s².







601. What is the atomic number of Cn?


112.



602. How many valence electrons in Ds?


10.



603. How many valence electrons in Rg?


11.







604. How many valence electrons in Cn?


12.



605. What is the configuration of Nh?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s² 7pš.



606. What is the atomic number of Nh?


113.







607. What is the configuration of Fl?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s² 7p².



608. What is the atomic number of Fl?


114.



609. What is the configuration of Mc?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s² 7p³.







610. What is the atomic number of Mc?


115.



611. How many valence electrons in Nh?


3.



612. How many valence electrons in Fl?


4.







613. How many valence electrons in Mc?


5.



614. What is the configuration of Lv?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s² 7p⁴.



615. What is the atomic number of Lv?


116.







616. What is the configuration of Ts?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s² 7p⁾.



617. What is the atomic number of Ts?


117.



618. What is the configuration of Og?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s² 7p⁜.







619. What is the atomic number of Og?


118.



620. How many valence electrons in Lv?


6.



621. How many valence electrons in Ts?


7.







622. How many valence electrons in Og?


8.



623. What is the configuration of Nh³⁺?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰.



624. How many electrons in Nh³⁺?


110.







625. What is the configuration of Fl²⁺?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s².



626. How many electrons in Fl²⁺?


112.



627. What is the configuration of Mc³⁺?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s².







628. How many electrons in Mc³⁺?


112.



629. What is the configuration of Lv²⁺?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s² 7p².



630. How many electrons in Lv²⁺?


114.







631. What is the configuration of Ts⁝?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s² 7p⁜.



632. How many electrons in Ts⁝?


118.



633. What is the configuration of Og²⁝?


[Rn] 5fš⁴ 6dš⁰ 7s² 7p⁸.







634. How many electrons in Og²⁝?


120.



635. How many radial nodes in 6s?


5.



636. How many radial nodes in 6p?


4.







637. How many radial nodes in 6d?


3.



638. How many radial nodes in 6f?


2.



639. How many angular nodes in 6f?


3.







640. How many total nodes in 7s?


6.



641. How many total nodes in 7p?


6.



642. How many total nodes in 7d?


6.







643. How many total nodes in 7f?


6.



644. What is the energy of n


-0.213 eV.



645. What is the radius for n


33.856 Å.







646. What is the energy of n


-0.168 eV.



647. What is the radius for n


42.849 Å.



648. What is the energy of n


-0.136 eV.







649. What is the radius for n


52.9 Å.



650. What is the significance of Hund’s rule?


Ensures maximum stability.



651. What is the significance of Pauli principle?


Unique electron identity.







652. What is the significance of Aufbau principle?


Orderly electron filling.



653. What is the significance of wave-particle duality?


Explains electron behavior.



654. What is the significance of uncertainty principle?


Limits precise measurements.







655. What is the significance of quantum mechanics?


Describes atomic structure.



656. What is the significance of Bohr’s model?


Quantized energy levels.



657. What is the significance of Rutherford’s model?


Introduced nucleus.







658. What is the significance of Thomson’s model?


Proposed electron existence.



659. What is the significance of line spectrum?


Unique atomic fingerprint.



660. What is the significance of orbitals?


Electron probability regions.







661. What is the significance of electronic configuration?


Determines chemical properties.



662. What is the significance of valence electrons?


Involved in bonding.



663. What is the significance of core electrons?


Shield valence electrons.







664. What is the significance of isotopes?


Different nuclear properties.



665. What is the significance of isobars?


Same mass, different elements.



666. What is the significance of isoelectronic species?


Similar electronic structure.







667. What is the significance of quantum numbers?


Specify electron state.



668. What is the significance of nodes?


Zero



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