1. What is an ecosystem?
A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.
2. What are the two main components of an ecosystem?
Biotic and abiotic components.
3. What are biotic components?
Living organisms in an ecosystem.
4. What are abiotic components?
Non-living factors like air, water, soil.
5. What is a producer?
Organism that makes its own food (e.g., plants).
6. What is a consumer?
Organism that eats other organisms.
7. What is a decomposer?
Organism that breaks down dead matter (e.g., fungi).
8. What is a food chain?
Sequence of who eats whom in an ecosystem.
9. Example of a food chain?
Grass → Deer → Lion.
10. What is a food web?
Interconnected food chains.
11. What is a trophic level?
Position of an organism in a food chain.
12. What is the first trophic level?
Producers (plants).
13. What is the second trophic level?
Herbivores (primary consumers).
14. What is the third trophic level?
Carnivores (secondary consumers).
15. What is the fourth trophic level?
Top carnivores (tertiary consumers).
16. What is energy flow in an ecosystem?
Transfer of energy from one trophic level to another.
17. What is the 10% law of energy transfer?
Only 10% energy is passed to the next trophic level.
18. What is biomass?
Total mass of living organisms in an area.
19. What is a pyramid of energy?
Shows energy flow in trophic levels.
20. What is a pyramid of numbers?
Shows number of organisms at each trophic level.
21. What is a pyramid of biomass?
Shows biomass at each trophic level.
22. What is an inverted pyramid?
Pyramid where lower trophic level has less biomass.
23. Example of an inverted pyramid?
Parasitic food chain.
24. What is biological magnification?
Increase in toxin concentration up the food chain.
25. Example of biological magnification?
DDT in birds.
26. What is ozone depletion?
Thinning of the ozone layer.
27. What causes ozone depletion?
CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons).
28. What is the ozone layer?
Protective layer in the stratosphere.
29. What is the function of the ozone layer?
Blocks harmful UV rays.
30. What is global warming?
Increase in Earth’s average temperature.
31. What causes global warming?
Greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄).
32. What is the greenhouse effect?
Trapping of heat by atmospheric gases.
33. What are greenhouse gases?
Gases that trap heat (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O).
34. What is carbon footprint?
Total greenhouse gases emitted by an individual/activity.
35. What is acid rain?
Rain with high acidity due to pollution.
36. What causes acid rain?
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ).
37. What is eutrophication?
Excess nutrients causing algal blooms.
38. What causes eutrophication?
Fertilizer runoff into water bodies.
39. What is deforestation?
Large-scale cutting of trees.
40. What are the effects of deforestation?
Soil erosion, climate change, biodiversity loss.
41. What is afforestation?
Planting trees in barren areas.
42. What is reforestation?
Replanting trees in deforested areas.
43. What is biodiversity?
Variety of life in an ecosystem.
44. What is a keystone species?
Species critical for ecosystem balance.
45. Example of a keystone species?
Bees (pollinators).
46. What is an endangered species?
Species at risk of extinction.
47. Example of an endangered species?
Bengal tiger.
48. What is extinction?
Permanent disappearance of a species.
49. What is conservation?
Protection of natural resources.
50. What are the 3 R’s of waste management?
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
51. What is biodegradable waste?
Waste that decomposes naturally.
52. Example of biodegradable waste?
Vegetable peels.
53. What is non-biodegradable waste?
Waste that does not decompose.
54. Example of non-biodegradable waste?
Plastic bags.
55. What is composting?
Decomposing organic waste into manure.
56. What is landfill?
Site for dumping waste.
57. What is incineration?
Burning waste at high temperatures.
58. What is recycling?
Converting waste into reusable material.
59. Example of recyclable material?
Paper, glass.
60. What is sewage?
Wastewater from households.
61. What is sewage treatment?
Process of cleaning wastewater.
62. What are the stages of sewage treatment?
Primary, secondary, tertiary.
63. What is a pollutant?
Harmful substance in the environment.
64. Example of air pollutant?
Carbon monoxide (CO).
65. Example of water pollutant?
Industrial waste.
66. Example of soil pollutant?
Pesticides.
67. What is noise pollution?
Harmful levels of noise.
68. What causes noise pollution?
Traffic, industries, loudspeakers.
69. What is thermal pollution?
Increase in water temperature due to industrial discharge.
70. What is radioactive pollution?
Pollution from radioactive substances.
71. Example of radioactive pollution?
Nuclear waste.
72. What is the Montreal Protocol?
International treaty to protect the ozone layer.
73. What is the Kyoto Protocol?
International treaty to reduce greenhouse gases.
74. What is sustainable development?
Development without harming future generations.
75. What is a natural resource?
Resource obtained from nature.
76. Example of renewable resource?
Solar energy.
77. Example of non-renewable resource?
Coal.
78. What is solar energy?
Energy from the sun.
79. What is wind energy?
Energy from wind turbines.
80. What is hydropower?
Energy from flowing water.
81. What is geothermal energy?
Energy from Earth’s heat.
82. What is biomass energy?
Energy from organic matter.
83. What is fossil fuel?
Fuel formed from dead organisms (coal, oil).
84. What is the main component of coal?
Carbon.
85. What is petroleum?
Fossil fuel used for petrol, diesel.
86. What is natural gas?
Fossil fuel mainly methane (CH₄).
87. What is CNG?
Compressed Natural Gas.
88. What is LPG?
Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
89. What is a carbon sink?
Natural reservoir absorbing CO₂ (e.g., forests).
90. What is the greenhouse effect?
91. What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
Increased warming due to human activities.
92. What is climate change?
Long-term shift in weather patterns.
93. What is El Niño?
Warming of Pacific Ocean affecting climate.
94. What is La Niña?
Cooling of Pacific Ocean affecting climate.
95. What is desertification?
Land turning into desert due to drought/deforestation.
96. What is soil erosion?
Removal of topsoil by wind/water.
97. What causes soil erosion?
Deforestation, overgrazing.
98. What is waterlogging?
Excess water in soil reducing oxygen.
99. What is salinization?
Accumulation of salts in soil.
100. What is a wetland?
Land area saturated with water (e.g., marshes).
101. What is a coral reef?
Marine ecosystem built by corals.
102. What is coral bleaching?
Corals losing color due to stress.
103. What causes coral bleaching?
Rising sea temperatures.
104. What is the Red List?
IUCN’s list of threatened species.
105. What is CITES?
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.
106. What is a national park?
Protected area for wildlife conservation.
107. Example of a national park?
Jim Corbett National Park.
108. What is a wildlife sanctuary?
Protected area for wildlife (less strict than a national park).
109. What is a biosphere reserve?
Protected area for conservation and research.
110. Example of a biosphere reserve?
Sundarbans.
111. What is an endemic species?
Species found only in a specific region.
112. Example of an endemic species?
Nilgiri tahr (India).
113. What is an exotic species?
Non-native species introduced to an area.
114. Example of an exotic species?
Water hyacinth.
115. What is invasive species?
Exotic species harming native ecosystems.
116. Example of invasive species?
Lantana camara.
117. What is agroforestry?
Growing trees with crops/livestock.
118. What is organic farming?
Farming without synthetic chemicals.
119. What is vermicomposting?
Composting using earthworms.
120. What is a food pyramid?
Diagram showing energy flow in an ecosystem.
121. What is the nitrogen cycle?
Circulation of nitrogen in nature.
122. What is nitrogen fixation?
Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms.
123. What is denitrification?
Conversion of nitrates back into nitrogen gas.
124. What is the carbon cycle?
Circulation of carbon in nature.
125. What is photosynthesis?
Process by which plants make food using sunlight.
126. What is respiration?
Process releasing energy from food.
127. What is combustion?
Burning of fossil fuels releasing CO₂.
128. What is decomposition?
Breakdown of organic matter by decomposers.
129. What is the oxygen cycle?
Circulation of oxygen in nature.
130. What is the water cycle?
Continuous movement of water on Earth.
131. What is evaporation?
Conversion of water into vapor.
132. What is condensation?
Conversion of vapor into liquid water.
133. What is precipitation?
Falling of water as rain/snow.
134. What is transpiration?
Release of water vapor by plants.
135. What is groundwater?
Water stored underground.
136. What is aquifer?
Underground layer of water-bearing rock.
137. What is watershed?
Area draining into a river/lake.
138. What is rainwater harvesting?
Collecting rainwater for reuse.
139. What is a drought?
Prolonged period of low rainfall.
140. What is a flood?
Overflow of water onto land.
141. What is a cyclone?
Rotating storm with strong winds.
142. What is a tsunami?
Giant sea wave caused by earthquakes.
143. What is an earthquake?
Shaking of Earth’s surface due to tectonic movements.
144. What is a volcano?
Mountain erupting lava/gases.
145. What is weathering?
Breaking down of rocks by natural forces.
146. What is erosion?
Transport of weathered material.
147. What is a fossil?
Preserved remains of ancient organisms.
148. What is the lithosphere?
Earth’s solid outer layer.
149. What is the hydrosphere?
All water on Earth.
150. What is the atmosphere?
Layer of gases surrounding Earth.
151. What is the biosphere?
Zone where life exists.
152. What is the troposphere?
Lowest layer of the atmosphere.
153. What is the stratosphere?
Layer containing the ozone layer.
154. What is the mesosphere?
Middle layer of the atmosphere.
155. What is the thermosphere?
Layer where auroras occur.
156. What is the exosphere?
Outermost layer of the atmosphere.
157. What is smog?
Air pollution mixing smoke and fog.
158. What is particulate matter?
Tiny particles in the air causing pollution.
159. What is PM2.5?
Fine particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers.
160. What is PM10?
Coarse particles smaller than 10 micrometers.
161. What is the Air Quality Index (AQI)?
Measure of air pollution levels.
162. What is BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)?
Measure of water pollution by organic matter.
163. What is COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)?
Measure of water pollution by chemicals.
164. What is eutrophication?
165. What is an algal bloom?
Rapid growth of algae in water.
166. What is a dead zone?
Water area with low oxygen due to pollution.
167. What is biomining?
Using microorganisms to extract metals.
168. What is phytoremediation?
Using plants to clean polluted soil/water.
169. What is bioremediation?
Using microbes to clean pollution.
170. What is the Paris Agreement?
International treaty to combat climate change.
171. What is the IPCC?
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
172. What is carbon trading?
Buying/selling carbon emission permits.
173. What is carbon offsetting?
Compensating for emissions by funding green projects.
174. What is a carbon credit?
Permit allowing emission of 1 ton of CO₂.
175. What is renewable energy?
Energy from sources that do not deplete.
176. What is non-renewable energy?
Energy from finite sources (fossil fuels).
177. What is nuclear energy?
Energy from splitting uranium atoms.
178. What is tidal energy?
Energy from ocean tides.
179. What is wave energy?
Energy from ocean waves.
180. What is hydrogen fuel?
Clean fuel produced from water.
181. What is a hybrid vehicle?
Vehicle using both fuel and electricity.
182. What is an electric vehicle?
Vehicle running on electricity.
183. What is LED lighting?
Energy-efficient light bulbs.
184. What is a smart grid?
Modern electricity distribution system.
185. What is energy efficiency?
Using less energy for the same output.
186. What is passive solar design?
Building design maximizing natural heating/cooling.
187. What is green building?
Environmentally sustainable construction.
188. What is LEED certification?
Rating system for green buildings.
189. What is upcycling?
Converting waste into higher-value products.
190. What is downcycling?
Converting waste into lower-value products.
191. What is zero waste?
Minimizing waste generation.
192. What is a circular economy?
Economic system minimizing waste by reusing resources.
193. What is a linear economy?
Traditional \"take-make-dispose\" economic model.
194. What is sustainable agriculture?
Farming that protects the environment.
195. What is permaculture?
Sustainable farming mimicking natural ecosystems.
196. What is organic certification?
Official approval for organic products.
197. What is fair trade?
Ethical trade supporting farmers/workers.
198. What is eco-labeling?
Label indicating environmentally friendly products.
199. What is a carbon tax?
Tax on carbon emissions.
200. What is environmental impact assessment (EIA)?
Study evaluating environmental effects of a project.
201. What is a wildlife corridor?
Pathway connecting fragmented habitats.
202. What is rewilding?
Restoring ecosystems to their natural state.
203. What is the tragedy of the commons?
Overuse of shared resources leading to depletion.
204. What is environmental ethics?
Moral principles guiding environmental actions.
205. What is deep ecology?
Philosophy valuing all living beings equally.
206. What is environmental justice?
Fair treatment in environmental policies.
207. What is Earth Day?
Annual event promoting environmental protection (April 22).
208. What is World Environment Day?
UN day for environmental awareness (June 5).
209. What is the Green Revolution?
Agricultural advancements increasing food production.
210. What is the Blue Revolution?
Advancements in aquaculture/fisheries.
211. What is the White Revolution?
Growth in milk production (Operation Flood).
212. What is the Evergreen Revolution?
Sustainable agricultural growth.
213. What is the Red Data Book?
Record of endangered species.
214. What is the Silent Spring?
Book by Rachel Carson exposing pesticide dangers.
215. What is the Chipko Movement?
Indian forest conservation movement.
216. What is the Narmada Bachao Andolan?
Movement against large dams in India.
217. What is the Swachh Bharat Mission?
Indian campaign for cleanliness.
218. What is the Namami Gange Programme?
Indian initiative to clean the Ganga river.
219. What is the National Green Tribunal?
India’s environmental court.
220. What is the Wildlife Protection Act?
Indian law protecting wildlife (1972).
221. What is the Forest Conservation Act?
Indian law preventing deforestation (1980).
222. What is the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act?
Indian law regulating water pollution (1974).
223. What is the Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act?
Indian law regulating air pollution (1981).
224. What is the Environment Protection Act?
Indian law for environmental protection (1986).
225. What is the Biodiversity Act?
Indian law conserving biodiversity (2002).
226. What is the CAMPA Fund?
Fund for afforestation in India.
227. What is the National Action Plan on Climate Change?
India’s strategy to combat climate change.
228. What is the National Solar Mission?
India’s initiative to promote solar energy.
229. What is the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency?
India’s program to reduce energy consumption.
230. What is the Green India Mission?
India’s afforestation and biodiversity scheme.
231. What is the National Water Mission?
India’s plan for sustainable water use.
232. What is the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture?
India’s plan for climate-resilient farming.
233. What is the National Mission for Sustainable Habitat?
India’s plan for eco-friendly cities.
234. What is the National Mission for Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change?
India’s research initiative on climate science.
235. What is the National Clean Air Programme?
India’s plan to reduce air pollution.
236. What is the Jal Jeevan Mission?
India’s scheme for tap water in rural areas.
237. What is the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana?
India’s scheme for LPG connections to poor households.
238. What is the UJALA scheme?
India’s LED bulb distribution program.
239. What is the FAME India scheme?
India’s initiative for electric vehicles.
240. What is the International Solar Alliance?
Global alliance for solar energy (led by India).
241. What is the UNEP?
United Nations Environment Programme.
242. What is the WWF?
World Wide Fund for Nature.
243. What is the IUCN?
International Union for Conservation of Nature.
244. What is the Ramsar Convention?
Treaty for wetland conservation.
245. What is the Bonn Convention?
Treaty for migratory species conservation.
246. What is the Basel Convention?
Treaty controlling hazardous waste trade.
247. What is the Stockholm Convention?
Treaty banning persistent organic pollutants.
248. What is the Rotterdam Convention?
Treaty for hazardous chemicals trade regulation.
249. What is the Minamata Convention?
Treaty to reduce mercury pollution.
250. What is the Paris Agreement?
Global treaty to limit climate change.
251. What is the Kyoto Protocol?
Treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
252. What is the Montreal Protocol?
Treaty to protect the ozone layer.
253. What is the UNFCCC?
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
254. What is COP?
Conference of Parties (UN climate meetings).
255. What is Agenda 21?
UN action plan for sustainable development.
256. What is the SDGs?
Sustainable Development Goals (UN).
257. What is SDG 13?
Climate Action (UN goal).
258. What is SDG 14?
Life Below Water (UN goal).
259. What is SDG 15?
Life on Land (UN goal).
260. What is the Green Climate Fund?
UN fund to help developing countries fight climate change.
261. What is the Global Environment Facility?
Fund for global environmental projects.
262. What is the Earth Summit?
1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development.
263. What is the Rio+20 Summit?
2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development.
264. What is the IPCC?
265. What is the G20?
Group of 20 major economies.
266. What is the G7?
Group of 7 advanced economies.
267. What is the BRICS?
Group of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.
268. What is the OECD?
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
269. What is the World Bank?
International financial institution for development.
270. What is the IMF?
International Monetary Fund.
271. What is the WTO?
World Trade Organization.
272. What is the FAO?
Food and Agriculture Organization (UN).
273. What is the WHO?
World Health Organization.
274. What is the UNDP?
United Nations Development Programme.
275. What is the UN-Habitat?
UN program for sustainable urban development.
276. What is the WMO?
World Meteorological Organization.
277. What is the IMO?
International Maritime Organization.
278. What is the ICAO?
International Civil Aviation Organization.
279. What is the ILO?
International Labour Organization.
280. What is the UNESCO?
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
281. What is the UNIDO?
UN Industrial Development Organization.
282. What is the UNEP?
283. What is the CBD?
Convention on Biological Diversity.
284. What is the UNCCD?
UN Convention to Combat Desertification.
285. What is the UNFCCC?
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
286. What is the IPCC?
287. What is the GCF?
Green Climate Fund.
288. What is the GEF?
Global Environment Facility.
289. What is the WCS?
Wildlife Conservation Society.
290. What is the CI?
Conservation International.
291. What is the TNC?
The Nature Conservancy.
292. What is the BirdLife International?
Global partnership for bird conservation.
293. What is the TRAFFIC?
Wildlife trade monitoring network.
294. What is the CITES?
295. What is the CMS?
Convention on Migratory Species.
296. What is the Ramsar Convention?
297. What is the World Heritage Convention?
Treaty protecting cultural/natural heritage sites.
298. What is the Man and Biosphere Programme?
UNESCO’s initiative for biodiversity conservation.
299. What is the Global Tiger Initiative?
Program to protect wild tigers.
300. What is the Project Tiger?
India’s tiger conservation program.
301. What is the Project Elephant?
India’s elephant conservation program.
302. What is the Crocodile Conservation Project?
India’s program to protect crocodiles.
303. What is the Snow Leopard Project?
India’s program to protect snow leopards.
304. What is the Red Panda Project?
Conservation initiative for red pandas.
305. What is the Sea Turtle Project?
Conservation initiative for sea turtles.
306. What is the Gangetic Dolphin Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect river dolphins.
307. What is the Vulture Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect vultures.
308. What is the Indian Rhino Vision 2020?
Plan to increase rhino population in India.
309. What is the Lion Conservation Project?
India’s program to protect Asiatic lions.
310. What is the Hangul Conservation Project?
India’s program to protect Kashmir stag.
311. What is the Great Indian Bustard Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect the bustard.
312. What is the Amur Falcon Conservation Initiative?
India’s program to protect migratory falcons.
313. What is the Dugong Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect sea cows.
314. What is the Nilgiri Tahr Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect the mountain goat.
315. What is the Himalayan Musk Deer Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect musk deer.
316. What is the Swamp Deer Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect barasingha.
317. What is the Clouded Leopard Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect clouded leopards.
318. What is the Indian Wild Ass Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect khur.
319. What is the Indian Pangolin Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect pangolins.
320. What is the Indian Star Tortoise Conservation Program?
India’s initiative to protect star tortoises.
321. What is the Indian Peafowl Conservation Program?
India
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