1. What is a life process?
A process essential for an organism’s survival.
2. What is nutrition?
Obtaining and using food for energy and growth.
3. What are autotrophs?
Organisms that produce their own food.
4. What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that depend on others for food.
5. What is photosynthesis?
Making food using sunlight in plants.
6. What gas is absorbed in photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide.
7. What is chlorophyll?
A green pigment absorbing sunlight.
8. What is the product of photosynthesis?
Glucose.
9. What gas is released in photosynthesis?
Oxygen.
10. Where does photosynthesis occur?
In chloroplasts.
11. What is the role of stomata?
Gas exchange in leaves.
12. What is sunlight’s role in photosynthesis?
It provides energy.
13. What is the equation of photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
14. What is holozoic nutrition?
Ingesting and digesting solid food.
15. What is saprophytic nutrition?
Feeding on dead organic matter.
16. What is parasitic nutrition?
Obtaining food from a living host.
17. What is ingestion?
Taking food into the body.
18. What is digestion?
Breaking down food into simpler forms.
19. What enzyme acts on starch?
Amylase.
20. Where does digestion start?
In the mouth.
21. What is saliva?
A fluid aiding digestion in the mouth.
22. What is peristalsis?
Muscle contractions moving food.
23. What is the stomach’s function?
It churns and digests food.
24. What enzyme digests proteins?
Pepsin.
25. What is hydrochloric acid’s role?
It kills bacteria and activates pepsin.
26. What is the small intestine’s role?
It absorbs digested nutrients.
27. What is bile?
A fluid aiding fat digestion.
28. What produces bile?
Liver.
29. What is the pancreas’s role?
It secretes digestive enzymes.
30. What enzyme digests fats?
Lipase.
31. What are villi?
Finger-like projections increasing absorption.
32. What is egestion?
Removing undigested waste.
33. What is respiration?
Releasing energy from food.
34. What is aerobic respiration?
Using oxygen to break down food.
35. What is anaerobic respiration?
Breaking down food without oxygen.
36. What is the equation of aerobic respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy.
37. What is produced in anaerobic respiration in muscles?
Lactic acid.
38. What is produced in yeast during anaerobic respiration?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide.
39. Where does respiration occur?
In mitochondria.
40. What is ATP?
Energy currency of cells.
41. What is breathing?
Inhaling oxygen and exhaling CO₂.
42. What is the diaphragm?
A muscle aiding breathing.
43. What are alveoli?
Air sacs for gas exchange.
44. What gas is inhaled?
45. What gas is exhaled?
46. What is hemoglobin?
A protein carrying oxygen in blood.
47. What is the role of lungs?
They facilitate gas exchange.
48. What is tidal volume?
Air moved in a normal breath.
49. What is oxygen debt?
Lactic acid buildup during exercise.
50. What is the breathing organ in fish?
Gills.
51. How do plants respire?
Through stomata and lenticels.
52. What is transportation?
Moving substances within an organism.
53. What is the circulatory system?
System transporting blood in animals.
54. What is the heart?
A pump for blood circulation.
55. What are arteries?
Vessels carrying blood from the heart.
56. What are veins?
Vessels carrying blood to the heart.
57. What are capillaries?
Tiny vessels for substance exchange.
58. What is blood?
Fluid transporting nutrients and oxygen.
59. What are red blood cells?
Cells carrying oxygen.
60. What are white blood cells?
Cells fighting infections.
61. What are platelets?
Fragments aiding blood clotting.
62. What is plasma?
Liquid part of blood.
63. What is the xylem?
Tissue transporting water in plants.
64. What is the phloem?
Tissue transporting food in plants.
65. What is transpiration?
Water loss from plant leaves.
66. What is excretion?
Removing metabolic wastes.
67. What is the kidney’s role?
It filters blood to form urine.
68. What is urine?
Liquid waste excreted by kidneys.
69. What are nephrons?
Filtering units in kidneys.
70. What waste is excreted in urine?
Urea.
71. What is the ureter?
Tube carrying urine to the bladder.
72. What is the urethra?
Tube releasing urine from the body.
73. What is dialysis?
Artificial blood filtration in kidney failure.
74. How do plants excrete?
Through stomata and shedding leaves.
75. What is metabolism?
Chemical processes in living organisms.
76. What is an enzyme?
A protein speeding up reactions.
77. What is assimilation?
Using digested food for growth.
78. What is the esophagus?
Tube connecting mouth to stomach.
79. What is chyme?
Partially digested food in the stomach.
80. What is the large intestine’s role?
It absorbs water and forms feces.
81. What is the gall bladder?
Organ storing bile.
82. What is trypsin?
Enzyme digesting proteins in the small intestine.
83. What is the role of mucus?
It protects the stomach lining.
84. What is a sphincter?
Muscle controlling food passage.
85. What is the trachea?
Windpipe carrying air to lungs.
86. What is the epiglottis?
Flap preventing food from entering trachea.
87. What is vital capacity?
Maximum air lungs can hold.
88. What is lymph?
Fluid transporting nutrients in tissues.
89. What is the aorta?
Main artery from the heart.
90. What is a valve in the heart?
It prevents blood backflow.
91. What is blood pressure?
Force of blood against artery walls.
92. What is the urinary bladder?
Organ storing urine.
93. What is glycogen?
Stored form of glucose in animals.
94. What is osmosis?
Water movement across a membrane.
95. What is diffusion?
Movement of gases from high to low concentration.
96. What is the role of ribs in breathing?
They expand and contract the chest.
97. What is the nasal cavity’s role?
It warms and filters air.
98. What is a lenticel?
Pore in plant stems for gas exchange.
99. What is the role of root hairs?
They absorb water and minerals.
100. What is translocation?
Movement of food in phloem.
101. What is the pulmonary artery?
It carries deoxygenated blood to lungs.
102. What is the pulmonary vein?
It carries oxygenated blood to the heart.
103. What is urea?
Nitrogenous waste from protein breakdown.
104. What is a glomerulus?
Capillary network in nephrons for filtration.
105. What is reabsorption?
Kidneys reclaiming water and nutrients.
106. What is chlorophyll’s color?
Green.
107. What is the role of gastric juice?
It digests proteins in the stomach.
108. What is the appendix?
A vestigial organ in humans.
109. What is an omnivore?
Organism eating plants and animals.
110. What is a herbivore?
Organism eating only plants.
111. What is a carnivore?
Organism eating only animals.
112. What is the role of oxygen in respiration?
It breaks down glucose for energy.
113. What is fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration in microorganisms.
114. What is the larynx?
Voice box in the throat.
115. What is the role of the tongue?
It mixes food with saliva.
116. What is the duodenum?
First part of the small intestine.
117. What is the ileum?
Last part of the small intestine.
118. What is a chloroplast?
Organelle for photosynthesis.
119. What is a mitochondrion?
Organelle for respiration.
120. What is the role of water in photosynthesis?
It provides hydrogen and oxygen.
121. What is the role of carbon dioxide in plants?
It’s used to make glucose.
122. What is a food vacuole?
Sac for digestion in single-celled organisms.
123. What is amoeba’s feeding method?
Phagocytosis.
124. What is the role of teeth?
They chew and break down food.
125. What is a salivary gland?
It secretes saliva into the mouth.
126. What is the pH of the stomach?
Acidic, around 1.5-3.5.
127. What is chymotrypsin?
Enzyme digesting proteins in the intestine.
128. What is the role of intestinal juice?
It completes digestion in the small intestine.
129. What is a rumen?
Stomach chamber in ruminants for digestion.
130. What is a pseudopod?
Temporary projection for feeding in amoeba.
131. What is the role of air sacs in birds?
They aid continuous respiration.
132. What is the trachea’s lining?
Cilia and mucus trap dust.
133. What is a bronchiole?
Small airway leading to alveoli.
134. What is the role of the vena cava?
It returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
135. What is a lymph node?
It filters lymph and fights infection.
136. What is the role of transpiration pull?
It helps water rise in plants.
137. What is a Bowman’s capsule?
Structure in nephrons for filtration.
138. What is the role of sweat?
It cools the body and excretes waste.
139. What is lactic acid?
Waste from anaerobic respiration in muscles.
140. What is the role of sunlight in plants?
It powers photosynthesis.
141. What is the role of bile salts?
They emulsify fats for digestion.
142. What is the cecum?
Pouch in the large intestine.
143. What is a ruminant?
Animal chewing cud, like cows.
144. What is the role of capillaries in lungs?
They exchange oxygen and CO₂.
145. What is the role of the atrium?
It receives blood into the heart.
146. What is the ventricle?
It pumps blood out of the heart.
147. What is a double circulation?
Blood passes heart twice per cycle.
148. What is the role of xylem vessels?
They conduct water in plants.
149. What is a sieve tube?
Phloem cell transporting food.
150. What is the role of the urethra in males?
It expels urine and semen.
151. What is the role of guard cells?
They control stomata opening.
152. What is a pepsinogen?
Inactive form of pepsin.
153. What is the role of the colon?
It absorbs water from waste.
154. What is a respiratory pigment?
Molecule carrying oxygen, like hemoglobin.
155. What is the role of the pharynx?
It directs food and air.
156. What is a gastric gland?
It secretes gastric juice.
157. What is the role of the pericardium?
It protects the heart.
158. What is the role of companion cells?
They support sieve tubes.
159. What is a tubule in nephrons?
It reabsorbs useful substances.
160. What is the role of mucus in lungs?
It traps dust and pathogens.
161. What is a phototroph?
Organism using light for energy.
162. What is the role of lipase in digestion?
It breaks down fats.
163. What is a sphincter in the stomach?
It regulates food entry and exit.
164. What is the role of the anus?
It expels feces.
165. What is a respiratory rate?
Breaths per minute.
166. What is the role of the sinoatrial node?
It initiates heartbeats.
167. What is a renal artery?
It supplies blood to kidneys.
168. What is a renal vein?
It drains blood from kidneys.
169. What is the role of root pressure?
It pushes water up in plants.
170. What is a chemotroph?
Organism using chemicals for energy.
171. What is the role of villi in absorption?
They increase surface area.
172. What is a pyloric sphincter?
It controls food leaving the stomach.
173. What is the role of nasal hairs?
They filter air.
174. What is a tracheal ring?
Cartilage keeping trachea open.
175. What is the role of platelets in blood?
They clot blood at wounds.
176. What is the role of lymph vessels?
They drain excess fluid.
177. What is a transpiration stream?
Water movement through plants.
178. What is the role of the ureter?
It transports urine to bladder.
179. What is a thylakoid?
Membrane in chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
180. What is a bolus?
Chewed food ball.
181. What is the role of gastric pits?
They secrete digestive juices.
182. What is a bronchus?
Airway branching into lungs.
183. What is the role of coronary arteries?
They supply blood to heart muscle.
184. What is a sieve plate?
End of sieve tube for food flow.
185. What is the role of the Loop of Henle?
It concentrates urine.
186. What is a grana?
Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts.
187. What is the role of the rectum?
It stores feces before egestion.
188. What is a tidal air?
Air in a normal breath.
189. What is the role of the hepatic vein?
It drains blood from liver.
190. What is a stomatal pore?
Opening for gas exchange.
191. What is the role of bile duct?
It carries bile to intestine.
192. What is a cardiac muscle?
Muscle pumping the heart.
193. What is the role of collecting duct?
It channels urine from nephrons.
194. What is a stroma?
Fluid in chloroplasts around thylakoids.
195. What is the role of incisors?
They cut food.
196. What is a residual volume?
Air left in lungs after exhalation.
197. What is the hepatic artery?
It supplies blood to liver.
198. What is a xylem parenchyma?
Living cells aiding water storage.
199. What is the role of antidiuretic hormone?
It regulates water reabsorption.
200. What is a molar?
Tooth grinding food.
201. What is the role of bronchioles?
They distribute air to alveoli.
202. What is a jugular vein?
It drains blood from head.
203. What is a phloem fiber?
It supports phloem tissue.
204. What is the role of sweat glands?
They excrete sweat.
205. What is a canine tooth?
It tears food.
206. What is the role of pleural fluid?
It lubricates lung movement.
207. What is a subclavian artery?
It supplies blood to arms.
208. What is a xylem tracheid?
Cell conducting water in plants.
209. What is the role of urethra in females?
It expels urine only.
210. What is a premolar?
Tooth crushing food.
211. What is the role of intercostal muscles?
They assist in breathing.
212. What is a femoral artery?
It supplies blood to legs.
213. What is a companion cell?
It aids sieve tubes.
214. What is the role of sebaceous glands?
They secrete oil on skin.
215. What is a dental caries?
Tooth decay.
216. What is the role of pleural membrane?
It encloses lungs.
217. What is a carotid artery?
It supplies blood to brain.
218. What is a phloem parenchyma?
It stores food in phloem.
219. What is the role of urea in excretion?
It removes nitrogen waste.
220. What is a salivary amylase?
Enzyme digesting starch in mouth.
221. What is the role of surfactant in lungs?
It prevents alveoli collapse.
222. What is a renal pelvis?
Funnel collecting urine in kidney.
223. What is a photolysis?
Water splitting in photosynthesis.
224. What is the role of hydrochloric acid in stomach?
It activates pepsin.
225. What is a vital air?
Air needed for maximum breathing.
226. What is a hepatic portal vein?
It carries nutrient-rich blood to liver.
227. What is a transpiration rate?
Speed of water loss in plants.
228. What is a maltase?
Enzyme digesting maltose.
229. What is the role of cilia in trachea?
They sweep mucus upward.
230. What is a lymphatic system?
Network draining tissue fluid.
231. What is a sucrase?
Enzyme digesting sucrose.
232. What is the role of diaphragm in exhalation?
It relaxes to push air out.
233. What is a lactase?
Enzyme digesting lactose.
234. What is the role of alveolar membrane?
It allows gas diffusion.
235. What is a peptidase?
Enzyme digesting peptides.
236. What is the role of pulmonary circulation?
It oxygenates blood in lungs.
237. What is a systemic circulation?
It supplies oxygenated blood to body.
238. What is the role of mesophyll cells?
They perform photosynthesis.
239. What is a ruminant digestion?
Multi-chamber digestion in cows.
240. What is the role of oxyhemoglobin?
It transports oxygen in blood.
241. What is a stomatal guard cell?
It regulates gas entry.
242. What is the role of pancreas in digestion?
243. What is a pulmonary edema?
Fluid in alveoli.
244. What is the role of xylem in transpiration?
It conducts water to leaves.
245. What is a hiccup?
Spasm of diaphragm.
246. What is the role of bile in fat digestion?
It emulsifies fats.
247. What is a sneeze?
Reflex expelling nasal irritants.
248. What is the role of phloem in plants?
It transports food downward.
249. What is a cough?
Reflex clearing trachea.
250. What is the role of glomerulus in kidney?
It filters blood plasma.
251. What is a yawn?
Reflex cooling brain.
252. What is the role of tubular reabsorption?
It reclaims water and nutrients.
253. What is a breath hold?
Temporary stop in breathing.
254. What is the role of stomatal closure?
It reduces water loss.
255. What is a diaphragm contraction?
It expands chest for inhalation.
256. What is the role of hemoglobin in CO₂ transport?
It carries some CO₂ as carbaminohemoglobin.
257. What is a stomatal opening?
It allows gas exchange.
258. What is the role of bicarbonate ions?
They transport CO₂ in blood.
259. What is a xylem fiber?
It supports water transport.
260. What is the role of cardiac output?
It measures blood pumped per minute.
261. What is a phloem sap?
Fluid carrying sugars in plants.
262. What is the role of atrial contraction?
It fills ventricles with blood.
263. What is a xylem sap?
Water and minerals in xylem.
264. What is the role of ventricular contraction?
It pumps blood into arteries.
265. What is a lymphatic duct?
It drains lymph into veins.
266. What is the role of tidal breathing?
It maintains normal respiration.
267. What is a lymphatic capillary?
It absorbs tissue fluid.
268. What is the role of residual air?
It keeps lungs inflated.
269. What is a renal tubule?
It processes filtrate into urine.
270. What is the role of inspiratory reserve?
Extra air inhaled with effort.
271. What is a renal corpuscle?
Structure filtering blood in nephrons.
272. What is the role of expiratory reserve?
Extra air exhaled with effort.
273. What is a podocyte?
Cell in glomerulus aiding filtration.
274. What is the role of vital capacity in lungs?
It measures maximum breathable air.
275. What is a juxtaglomerular apparatus?
It regulates blood pressure.
276. What is the role of surfactant in alveoli?
It reduces surface tension.
277. What is a mesophyll layer?
Photosynthetic tissue in leaves.
278. What is the role of cardiac cycle?
It controls heart pumping rhythm.
279. What is a palisade cell?
Photosynthetic cell in leaves.
280. What is the role of systole?
Heart contraction phase.
281. What is a spongy layer?
Leaf tissue for gas exchange.
282. What is the role of diastole?
Heart relaxation phase.
283. What is a cuticle in plants?
Waxy layer reducing water loss.
284. What is the role of pulse?
It measures heart rate.
285. What is a vein valve?
286. What is the role of arterial pressure?
It drives blood flow.
287. What is a lymphatic vessel?
It transports lymph fluid.
288. What is the role of venous return?
It brings blood back to heart.
289. What is a tracheal cartilage?
It supports airway structure.
290. What is the role of pleural cavity?
It houses lungs.
291. What is a stomatal density?
Number of stomata per area.
292. What is the role of lung elasticity?
It aids exhalation.
293. What is a xylem vessel?
Tube conducting water in plants.
294. What is the role of lung compliance?
It measures stretchability.
295. What is a phloem vessel?
Tube transporting food in plants.
296. What is the role of alveolar ventilation?
It refreshes air in alveoli.
297. What is a renal filtration?
Blood filtering in kidneys.
298. What is the role of dead air space?
Air not reaching alveoli.
299. What is a tubular secretion?
Adding waste to urine.
300. What is the role of breathing rate?
It adjusts oxygen supply.
301. What is a glomerular filtrate?
Fluid filtered from blood.
302. What is the role of chest cavity?
It protects lungs.
303. What is a proximal tubule?
It reabsorbs most nutrients.
304. What is the role of lung volume?
It determines air capacity.
305. What is a distal tubule?
It fine-tunes urine composition.
306. What is the role of respiratory center?
It controls breathing rhythm.
307. What is a renal medulla?
Inner kidney region.
308. What is the role of inspiratory muscles?
They expand chest for inhalation.
309. What is a renal cortex?
Outer kidney region.
310. What is the role of expiratory muscles?
They aid forced exhalation.
311. What is a ureotelic organism?
It excretes urea as waste.
312. What is the role of lung perfusion?
Blood flow to alveoli.
313. What is an ammonotelic organism?
It excretes ammonia as waste.
314. What is the role of ventilation rate?
It measures air movement.
315. What is a uricotelic organism?
It excretes uric acid as waste.
316. What is the role of respiratory quotient?
It measures CO₂ to O₂ ratio.
317. What is a nephron loop?
It concentrates urine in kidneys.
318. What is the role of lung diffusion?
Gas exchange across alveoli.
319. What is a renal pyramid?
Cone-shaped kidney tissue.
320. What is the role of respiratory membrane?
It facilitates gas diffusion.
321. What is a bladder sphincter?
It controls urine release.
322. What is the role of oxyntic cells?
They secrete HCl in stomach.
323. What is a chief cell?
It secretes pepsinogen.
324. What is the role of parietal cells?
They produce gastric acid.
325. What is a zymogen?
Inactive enzyme precursor.
326. What is the role of enterokinase?
It activates trypsinogen.
327. What is a brush border enzyme?
It completes digestion on villi.
328. What is the role of goblet cells?
They secrete mucus in intestine.
329. What is a crypt of Lieberkühn?
Gland secreting intestinal juice.
330. What is the role of Brunner’s glands?
They secrete mucus in duodenum.
331. What is a pectinase?
Enzyme breaking down pectin.
332. What is the role of cellulase?
It digests cellulose in herbivores.
333. What is a protease?
Enzyme digesting proteins.
334. What is the role of nuclease?
It digests nucleic acids.
335. What is a glycolysis?
Glucose breakdown in cytoplasm.
336. What is the role of Krebs cycle?
It produces energy in mitochondria.
337. What is a electron transport chain?
It generates ATP in respiration.
338. What is the role of pyruvate?
It enters mitochondria for respiration.
339. What is a coenzyme?
Molecule aiding enzyme function.
340. What is the role of NAD+?
It carries electrons in respiration.
341. What is a FAD?
Coenzyme in energy production.
342. What is the role of oxidative phosphorylation?
It forms ATP using oxygen.
343. What is a substrate-level phosphorylation?
ATP formation without oxygen.
344. What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?
It converts CO₂ to bicarbonate.
345. What is a chloride shift?
Chloride ions balance bicarbonate in blood.
346. What is the role of Bohr effect?
It enhances oxygen release in tissues.
347. What is a Haldane effect?
It aids CO₂ transport in blood.
348. What is the role of myoglobin?
It stores oxygen in muscles.
349. What is a respiratory acidosis?
CO₂ buildup lowers blood pH.
350. What is the role of chemoreceptors?
They detect CO₂ and O₂ levels.
351. What is a baroreceptor?
It senses blood pressure changes.
352. What is the role of angiotensin?
It raises blood pressure.
353. What is a aldosterone?
Hormone regulating sodium reabsorption.
354. What is the role of renin?
It initiates blood pressure regulation.
355. What is a vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of blood vessels.
356. What is the role of vasodilation?
Widening of blood vessels.
357. What is a countercurrent mechanism?
358. What is the role of aquaporins?
They facilitate water reabsorption.
359. What is a urea cycle?
It converts ammonia to urea.
360. What is the role of ornithine?
It aids urea formation.
361. What is a citrulline?
Intermediate in urea cycle.
362. What is the role of arginase?
It converts arginine to urea.
363. What is a glomerular filtration rate?
Speed of blood filtration in kidneys.
364. What is the role of tubular fluid?
It becomes urine after processing.
365. What is a micturition?
Act of urination.
366. What is the role of bladder muscle?
It contracts to expel urine.
367. What is a urinary reflex?
It triggers urination when bladder’s full.
368. What is the role of skin in excretion?
It excretes sweat and salts.
369. What is a sebaceous secretion?
Oil excreted on skin.
370. What is the role of lungs in excretion?
They expel CO₂ and water vapor.
371. What is a liver’s excretory role?
It produces urea from ammonia.
372. What is the role of bile pigments?
They excrete waste via bile.
373. What is a bilirubin?
Waste from hemoglobin breakdown.
374. What is the role of biliverdin?
It forms bilirubin in liver.
375. What is a urobilinogen?
It colors urine from bilirubin.
376. What is the role of stercobilin?
It colors feces from bilirubin.
377. What is a enterohepatic circulation?
Recycling of bile components.
378. What is the role of gallstones?
They block bile flow if formed.
379. What is a chyme pH?
Acidic in stomach.
380. What is the role of intestinal flora?
They aid digestion and vitamin synthesis.
381. What is a probiotic?
Beneficial gut bacteria.
382. What is the role of vitamin K in gut?
It’s synthesized by bacteria.
383. What is a peristaltic wave?
It moves food through gut.
384. What is the role of gastric motility?
It mixes and moves food.
385. What is a vomiting reflex?
It expels harmful stomach contents.
386. What is the role of defecation reflex?
It expels feces from rectum.
387. What is a gastric ulcer?
Sore in stomach lining.
388. What is the role of enterogastrone?
It slows gastric emptying.
389. What is a secretin?
Hormone stimulating pancreatic juice.
390. What is the role of cholecystokinin?
It triggers bile and enzyme release.
391. What is a gastrin?
Hormone increasing gastric acid.
392. What is the role of histamine in stomach?
It stimulates acid secretion.
393. What is a pepsin inhibitor?
It prevents excess protein digestion.
394. What is the role of mucus in intestine?
It lubricates and protects lining.
395. What is a lacteal?
Lymph vessel in villi.
396. What is the role of fatty acids in blood?
They provide energy after absorption.
397. What is a glycerol?
Part of fat absorbed in gut.
398. What is the role of micelles?
They aid fat absorption.
399. What is a chylomicron?
Lipid transport particle in lymph.
400. What is the role of lipoprotein?
It transports fats in blood.
401. What is a glucose transporter?
It moves glucose into cells.
402. What is the role of amino acid transport?
It absorbs proteins into blood.
403. What is a sodium-potassium pump?
It maintains cell ion balance.
404. What is the role of active transport in gut?
It absorbs nutrients against gradient.
405. What is a passive transport?
Movement with concentration gradient.
406. What is the role of facilitated diffusion?
It aids nutrient uptake with proteins.
407. What is a cotransport?
It moves two substances together.
408. What is the role of endocytosis in digestion?
It engulfs large particles.
409. What is a phagocytosis?
Cell eating solid particles.
410. What is the role of pinocytosis?
Cell drinking liquid particles.
411. What is a lysosomal digestion?
It breaks down engulfed material.
412. What is the role of lysosome in cells?
It digests waste and food.
413. What is a vacuolar digestion?
Digestion in single-celled organisms.
414. What is the role of contractile vacuole?
It expels excess water.
415. What is a paramecium feeding?
It uses cilia to ingest food.
416. What is the role of oral groove?
It directs food in paramecium.
417. What is a gullet in paramecium?
It forms food vacuoles.
418. What is the role of anal pore?
It expels waste in paramecium.
419. What is a hydra feeding?
It uses tentacles to capture prey.
420. What is the role of nematocysts?
They sting prey in hydra.
421. What is a gastrovascular cavity?
It digests food in hydra.
422. What is the role of diffusion in hydra?
It transports nutrients.
423. What is a planaria digestion?
It uses a pharynx to feed.
424. What is the role of branched gut?
It distributes food in planaria.
425. What is a tapeworm nutrition?
It absorbs host’s digested food.
426. What is the role of scolex?
It attaches tapeworm to host.
427. What is a proglottid?
Segment of tapeworm body.
428. What is the role of cuticle in parasites?
It protects against host digestion.
429. What is a fluke feeding?
It sucks host fluids.
430. What is the role of suckers in flukes?
They attach to host tissue.
431. What is a fungi digestion?
It secretes enzymes externally.
432. What is the role of hyphae?
They absorb nutrients in fungi.
433. What is a mycorrhiza?
Fungi aiding plant roots.
434. What is the role of Rhizopus?
It digests bread externally.
435. What is a yeast fermentation?
It produces alcohol and CO₂.
436. What is the role of zymase?
It ferments sugar in yeast.
437. What is a bacterial respiration?
It varies, aerobic or anaerobic.
438. What is the role of mesosomes?
They aid bacterial respiration.
439. What is a cyanobacteria nutrition?
It photosynthesizes like plants.
440. What is the role of heterocysts?
They fix nitrogen in cyanobacteria.
441. What is a protozoan excretion?
It uses diffusion across membrane.
442. What is the role of contractile vacuole in amoeba?
It removes excess water.
443. What is a plant guttation?
Water excretion through leaves.
444. What is the role of hydathodes?
They release water in guttation.
445. What is a resin in plants?
Waste stored in stems.
446. What is the role of latex in plants?
It stores waste products.
447. What is a tannin?
Waste compound in plant cells.
448. What is the role of alkaloids?
They deter herbivores as waste.
449. What is a plant shedding?
It removes waste via leaves.
450. What is the role of abscission?
It drops waste-laden leaves.
451. What is a plant transpiration?
It excretes water vapor.
452. What is the role of lenticels in excretion?
They release CO₂ and water.
453. What is a fish excretion?
It uses gills for ammonia.
454. What is the role of fish kidneys?
They filter blood for waste.
455. What is a bird excretion?
It expels uric acid.
456. What is the role of cloaca in birds?
It releases waste and eggs.
457. What is a reptile excretion?
It excretes uric acid.
458. What is the role of reptilian skin?
It minimizes water loss.
459. What is a mammalian kidney?
It forms urea from waste.
460. What is the role of sweat in mammals?
It cools and excretes salts.
461. What is a insect respiration?
It uses tracheae for air.
462. What is the role of spiracles?
They allow air entry in insects.
463. What is a tracheal tube?
It delivers oxygen in insects.
464. What is the role of malpighian tubules?
They excrete waste in insects.
465. What is a uric acid in insects?
Main excretory product.
466. What is the role of fat body in insects?
It stores nutrients and waste.
467. What is a earthworm respiration?
It uses moist skin for oxygen.
468. What is the role of nephridia?
They excrete waste in earthworms.
469. What is a coelomic fluid?
It aids waste transport in worms.
470. What is the role of clitellum?
It secretes cocoon in earthworms.
471. What is a frog respiration?
It uses lungs and skin.
472. What is the role of frog skin?
It absorbs oxygen when moist.
473. What is a frog kidney?
It filters blood for urine.
474. What is the role of cloaca in frogs?
It expels waste and eggs.
475. What is a plant root absorption?
It takes in water and minerals.
476. What is the role of root cortex?
It stores nutrients in roots.
477. What is a endodermis?
It regulates water entry.
478. What is the role of Casparian strip?
It controls mineral uptake.
479. What is a pericycle?
It forms lateral roots.
480. What is the role of root cap?
It protects growing root tip.
481. What is a mycorrhizal root?
It enhances nutrient absorption.
482. What is the role of root nodules?
They fix nitrogen in legumes.
483. What is a nitrogen fixation?
Converting N₂ to plant-usable form.
484. What is the role of Rhizobium?
It fixes nitrogen in roots.
485. What is a legume plant?
Plant with nitrogen-fixing roots.
486. What is the role of nitrate in plants?
It’s used for protein synthesis.
487. What is a stomatal transpiration?
Water loss via stomata.
488. What is the role of leaf veins?
They transport water and food.
489. What is a leaf epidermis?
It protects leaf surface.
490. What is the role of leaf trichomes?
They reduce water loss.
491. What is a leaf mesophyll?
It performs photosynthesis.
492. What is the role of leaf airspace?
493. What is a leaf cuticle?
It prevents water loss.
494. What is the role of leaf stomata?
They regulate gas and water.
495. What is a leaf petiole?
It connects leaf to stem.
496. What is the role of leaf blade?
It maximizes photosynthesis area.
497. What is a leaf apex?
Tip of the leaf.
498. What is the role of leaf margin?
It defines leaf edge shape.
499. What is a leaf venation?
Pattern of veins in leaf.
500. What is the role of parallel venation?
It supports monocot leaves.
501. What is a reticulate venation?
Net-like veins in dicots.
502. What is the role of leaf base?
It attaches leaf to petiole.
503. What is a leaf sheath?
It encloses stem in grasses.
504. What is the role of leaf stipule?
It protects young leaves.
505. What is a leaf tendril?
It aids climbing in plants.
506. What is the role of leaf spine?
It deters herbivores.
507. What is a leaf trap?
It captures prey in carnivorous plants.
508. What is the role of pitcher plant?
It digests insects for nutrients.
509. What is a Venus flytrap?
Plant trapping insects with leaves.
510. What is the role of sundew glands?
They secrete sticky fluid.
511. What is a bladderwort?
Aquatic plant trapping prey.
512. What is the role of trapdoor in bladderwort?
It sucks in small organisms.
513. What is a carnivorous plant nutrition?
It supplements nitrogen from prey.
514. What is the role of digestive enzymes in plants?
They break down trapped prey.
515. What is a plant saprophyte?
It feeds on dead matter.
516. What is the role of Indian pipe?
It absorbs nutrients from fungi.
517. What is a symbiotic nutrition?
Mutual benefit in food sharing.
518. What is the role of lichen?
Algae and fungi share nutrients.
519. What is a nitrogen cycle?
Process recycling nitrogen in nature.
520. What is the role of denitrification?
It converts nitrates to N₂.
521. What is a nitrification?
Ammonia to nitrate conversion.
522. What is the role of Nitrosomonas?
It oxidizes ammonia to nitrite.
523. What is a Nitrobacter?
It oxidizes nitrite to nitrate.
524. What is the role of ammonification?
It breaks down organic nitrogen.
525. What is a root respiration?
Roots use oxygen for energy.
526. What is the role of root mitochondria?
They produce ATP in roots.
527. What is a stem respiration?
Stem uses oxygen via lenticels.
528. What is the role of leaf respiration?
It uses oxygen at night.
529. What is a plant glycolysis?
Glucose breakdown in plant cells.
530. What is the role of plant ATP?
It powers plant processes.
531. What is a plant transpiration pull?
It draws water upward.
532. What is the role of cohesion in plants?
Water molecules stick together.
533. What is a adhesion in plants?
Water sticks to xylem walls.
534. What is the role of capillary action?
It aids water rise in plants.
535. What is a plant wilting?
Drooping due to water loss.
536. What is the role of turgor pressure?
It keeps plant cells firm.
537. What is a plasmolysis?
Cell shrinkage in water loss.
538. What is the role of imbibition?
It absorbs water in seeds.
539. What is a seed germination?
Growth starting with water uptake.
540. What is the role of oxygen in seeds?
It powers germination respiration.
541. What is a cotyledon?
Seed leaf storing nutrients.
542. What is the role of radicle?
It forms the root in seeds.
543. What is a plumule?
It forms the shoot in seeds.
544. What is the role of testa?
It protects the seed.
545. What is a micropyle?
Opening for water in seed.
546. What is the role of endosperm?
It nourishes embryo in seeds.
547. What is a seedling respiration?
It uses stored food for energy.
548. What is the role of hypocotyl?
It lifts shoot above soil.
549. What is a epicotyl?
It forms shoot above cotyledons.
550. What is the role of seedling photosynthesis?
It starts food production.
551. What is a plant growth?
Increase in size using nutrients.
552. What is the role of meristem?
It produces new plant cells.
553. What is a apical meristem?
It grows plant tips.
554. What is the role of lateral meristem?
It thickens stems and roots.
555. What is a intercalary meristem?
It grows between nodes.
556. What is the role of cambium?
It forms xylem and phloem.
557. What is a secondary growth?
Thickening of plant parts.
558. What is the role of cork cambium?
It forms protective bark.
559. What is a periderm?
Outer layers replacing epidermis.
560. What is the role of bark?
It protects against damage.
561. What is a wood formation?
Xylem buildup in trees.
562. What is the role of heartwood?
It provides structural support.
563. What is a sapwood?
It conducts water in trees.
564. What is the role of annual rings?
They show tree age.
565. What is a plant senescence?
Aging and decline in plants.
566. What is the role of abscisic acid?
It promotes leaf fall.
567. What is a plant dormancy?
Inactive state in harsh conditions.
568. What is the role of gibberellins?
They break seed dormancy.
569. What is a plant nutrient?
Element needed for growth.
570. What is the role of nitrogen in plants?
It forms proteins and chlorophyll.
571. What is a phosphorus in plants?
It aids energy transfer.
572. What is the role of potassium?
It regulates water balance.
573. What is a magnesium in plants?
It forms chlorophyll.
574. What is the role of calcium in plants?
It strengthens cell walls.
575. What is a sulfur in plants?
It forms proteins.
576. What is the role of iron in plants?
It aids chlorophyll synthesis.
577. What is a micronutrient?
Nutrient needed in small amounts.
578. What is the role of zinc in plants?
It activates enzymes.
579. What is a boron in plants?
It aids cell division.
580. What is the role of manganese?
It helps photosynthesis.
581. What is a copper in plants?
It aids respiration.
582. What is the role of molybdenum?
It assists nitrogen fixation.
583. What is a chlorine in plants?
It regulates osmosis.
584. What is the role of nutrient deficiency?
It causes plant disorders.
585. What is a chlorosis?
Yellowing due to less chlorophyll.
586. What is the role of soil in nutrition?
It supplies minerals to plants.
587. What is a hydroponics?
Growing plants in nutrient solution.
588. What is the role of aeration in roots?
It supplies oxygen for respiration.
589. What is a soil capillary?
It holds water for roots.
590. What is the role of humus?
It enriches soil nutrients.
591. What is a soil pH?
It affects nutrient availability.
592. What is the role of root exudates?
They enhance nutrient uptake.
593. What is a plant symbiosis?
Mutual benefit with microbes.
594. What is the role of fungi in roots?
They increase nutrient absorption.
595. What is a plant parasite?
It feeds on host plants.
596. What is the role of dodder?
It sucks nutrients from hosts.
597. What is a mistletoe?
Partial parasite on trees.
598. What is the role of haustoria?
They penetrate host tissue.
599. What is a plant saprophyte?
600. What is the role of Monotropa?
It uses fungi for nutrients.
601. What is a plant epiphyte?
It grows on other plants.
602. What is the role of aerial roots?
They absorb moisture in epiphytes.
603. What is a plant xerophyte?
It adapts to dry conditions.
604. What is the role of thick cuticle?
605. What is a sunken stomata?
It minimizes transpiration.
606. What is the role of succulent leaves?
They store water in xerophytes.
607. What is a hydrophyte?
Plant adapted to water.
608. What is the role of aerenchyma?
It provides air spaces in hydrophytes.
609. What is a floating leaf?
It aids buoyancy in water.
610. What is the role of thin cuticle?
It allows gas exchange in hydrophytes.
611. What is a mesophyte?
Plant in moderate water conditions.
612. What is the role of broad leaves?
They maximize photosynthesis.
613. What is a plant adaptation?
Trait aiding survival in environment.
614. What is the role of waxy coating?
It protects against water loss.
615. What is a plant respiration rate?
It varies with temperature.
616. What is the role of oxygen in plant roots?
It supports root respiration.
617. What is a plant anaerobic respiration?
It occurs in waterlogged roots.
618. What is the role of ethanol in plants?
Waste from anaerobic respiration.
619. What is a plant photorespiration?
It reduces photosynthesis efficiency.
620. What is the role of RuBisCO?
It fixes CO₂ in photosynthesis.
621. What is a C3 plant?
It uses three-carbon compounds.
622. What is the role of C4 pathway?
It minimizes photorespiration.
623. What is a CAM plant?
It opens stomata at night.
624. What is the role of malic acid?
It stores CO₂ in CAM plants.
625. What is a plant stomatal regulation?
It balances gas and water.
626. What is the role of potassium ions?
They open guard cells.
627. What is a plant water potential?
It drives water movement.
628. What is the role of solute potential?
It affects water uptake.
629. What is a pressure potential?
It maintains cell turgidity.
630. What is the role of osmosis in roots?
It absorbs water from soil.
631. What is a plant guttation pressure?
It forces water out of leaves.
632. What is the role of xylem tension?
It pulls water upward.
633. What is a plant wilting point?
Water level causing drooping.
634. What is the role of permanent wilting?
It indicates irreversible damage.
635. What is a plant recovery?
Regaining turgor with water.
636. What is the role of leaf fall?
It reduces water demand.
637. What is a plant drought?
Lack of water affecting growth.
638. What is the role of root depth?
It accesses deep water.
639. What is a plant succulence?
Water storage in tissues.
640. What is the role of hairy leaves?
They trap moisture.
641. What is a plant xeromorphic trait?
Adaptation to dry climates.
642. What is the role of reduced leaves?
They minimize water loss.
643. What is a plant hydroponic nutrient?
It replaces soil minerals.
Share this protal to share friends and complete unlimited tests here. You can also make friends on our protal also start mutual competition tests with your firends easily.