1. What is morphology in the context of flowering plants?
The study of external form and structure of plants.
2. What is the primary function of the root system?
Anchorage, water, and nutrient absorption.
3. What are the two main types of root systems?
Tap root and fibrous root.
4. Which plant exhibits a tap root system?
Mustard.
5. Which plant exhibits a fibrous root system?
Wheat.
6. What are adventitious roots?
Roots arising from parts other than the radicle.
7. Name a plant with adventitious roots.
Grass.
8. What is the function of prop roots?
Provide mechanical support.
9. Name a plant with prop roots.
Banyan.
10. What is the role of pneumatophores?
Facilitate respiration in swampy areas.
11. Name a plant with pneumatophores.
Rhizophora.
12. What is the function of stilt roots?
Provide additional support.
13. Name a plant with stilt roots.
Maize.
14. What is the shoot system in plants?
Aerial parts including stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
15. What is the primary function of the stem?
Support and transport of water and nutrients.
16. What is a node on a stem?
Point where leaves arise.
17. What is an internode?
Region between two nodes.
18. What is a bud?
An undeveloped shoot or flower.
19. What is the difference between terminal and axillary buds?
Terminal buds are at the stem apex; axillary buds are in leaf axils.
20. What is a modified stem?
A stem adapted for specific functions like storage.
21. Name a plant with a stem tuber.
Potato.
22. What is the function of a rhizome?
Storage and vegetative propagation.
23. Name a plant with a rhizome.
Ginger.
24. What is a bulb?
A modified stem with fleshy leaves for storage.
25. Name a plant with a bulb.
Onion.
26. What is the function of a tendril?
Climbing and support.
27. Name a plant with stem tendrils.
Grape vine.
28. What is a thorn?
A modified stem for protection.
29. Name a plant with thorns.
Bougainvillea.
30. What is a phylloclade?
A flattened stem performing photosynthesis.
31. Name a plant with a phylloclade.
Opuntia.
32. What is a cladode?
A green, flattened stem segment for photosynthesis.
33. Name a plant with cladodes.
Asparagus.
34. What is the main function of a leaf?
Photosynthesis.
35. What are the three main parts of a typical leaf?
Leaf base, petiole, and lamina.
36. What is the leaf base?
Part attaching the leaf to the stem.
37. What is the petiole?
Stalk connecting the lamina to the stem.
38. What is the lamina?
Flat, green part of the leaf.
39. What are stipules?
Small leaf-like structures at the leaf base.
40. What is venation?
Arrangement of veins in a leaf.
41. What are the two main types of venation?
Reticulate and parallel.
42. Which plants typically have reticulate venation?
Dicotyledons.
43. Which plants typically have parallel venation?
Monocotyledons.
44. What is a simple leaf?
A leaf with an undivided lamina.
45. Name a plant with a simple leaf.
Mango.
46. What is a compound leaf?
A leaf with a divided lamina into leaflets.
47. What are the two types of compound leaves?
Pinnate and palmate.
48. Name a plant with a pinnate compound leaf.
Neem.
49. Name a plant with a palmate compound leaf.
Silk cotton.
50. What is phyllotaxy?
Arrangement of leaves on the stem.
51. What are the three main types of phyllotaxy?
Alternate, opposite, and whorled.
52. Name a plant with alternate phyllotaxy.
China rose.
53. Name a plant with opposite phyllotaxy.
Guava.
54. Name a plant with whorled phyllotaxy.
Alstonia.
55. What is a modified leaf?
A leaf adapted for functions other than photosynthesis.
56. What is the function of leaf tendrils?
57. Name a plant with leaf tendrils.
Pea.
58. What is the function of spines in leaves?
Protection and reducing water loss.
59. Name a plant with leaf spines.
Cactus.
60. What is the function of a pitcher in pitcher plants?
Trapping and digesting insects.
61. Name a plant with a pitcher leaf.
Nepenthes.
62. What is the function of the bladder in bladderwort?
Trapping small aquatic organisms.
63. Name a plant with bladder-like leaves.
Utricularia.
64. What is an inflorescence?
A group of flowers arranged on a stem.
65. What is the main function of an inflorescence?
Effective pollination and reproduction.
66. What are the two main types of inflorescence?
Racemose and cymose.
67. What is a racemose inflorescence?
Main axis continues to grow with lateral flowers.
68. Name a plant with racemose inflorescence.
69. What is a cymose inflorescence?
Main axis terminates in a flower with limited growth.
70. Name a plant with cymose inflorescence.
Cotton.
71. What is a raceme?
Racemose inflorescence with pedicellate flowers.
72. Name a plant with a raceme inflorescence.
Radish.
73. What is a spike?
Racemose inflorescence with sessile flowers.
74. Name a plant with a spike inflorescence.
Achyranthes.
75. What is a catkin?
Spike-like inflorescence with unisexual flowers.
76. Name a plant with a catkin inflorescence.
Mulberry.
77. What is a spadix?
Spike with a fleshy axis enclosed by a spathe.
78. Name a plant with a spadix inflorescence.
Colocasia.
79. What is an umbel?
Racemose inflorescence with flowers from a single point.
80. Name a plant with an umbel inflorescence.
Coriander.
81. What is a capitulum?
Racemose inflorescence with a flattened axis and sessile flowers.
82. Name a plant with a capitulum inflorescence.
Sunflower.
83. What is a cyme?
Cymose inflorescence where the main axis ends in a flower.
84. Name a plant with a cyme inflorescence.
Jasmine.
85. What is a flower?
Reproductive structure of angiosperms.
86. What are the four whorls of a flower?
Calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
87. What is the calyx?
Outermost whorl of sepals.
88. What is the function of the calyx?
Protection of the flower bud.
89. What is the corolla?
Whorl of petals.
90. What is the function of the corolla?
Attracting pollinators.
91. What is the androecium?
Male reproductive whorl of stamens.
92. What is the gynoecium?
Female reproductive whorl of carpels.
93. What is a complete flower?
Flower with all four whorls.
94. What is an incomplete flower?
Flower lacking one or more whorls.
95. What is a bisexual flower?
Flower with both androecium and gynoecium.
96. What is a unisexual flower?
Flower with either androecium or gynoecium.
97. What is a staminate flower?
Unisexual flower with only androecium.
98. What is a pistillate flower?
Unisexual flower with only gynoecium.
99. What is a monoecious plant?
Plant with both male and female flowers.
100. Name a monoecious plant.
Coconut.
101. What is a dioecious plant?
Plant with male and female flowers on separate plants.
102. Name a dioecious plant.
Papaya.
103. What is a pedicel?
Stalk of a flower.
104. What is a sessile flower?
Flower without a pedicel.
105. What is a bract?
Modified leaf associated with a flower or inflorescence.
106. What is a perianth?
Calyx and corolla together when not differentiated.
107. What is an actinomorphic flower?
Flower with radial symmetry.
108. Name a plant with actinomorphic flowers.
109. What is a zygomorphic flower?
Flower with bilateral symmetry.
110. Name a plant with zygomorphic flowers.
111. What is an asymmetric flower?
Flower with no plane of symmetry.
112. Name a plant with asymmetric flowers.
Canna.
113. What is a stamen?
Male reproductive organ of a flower.
114. What are the two parts of a stamen?
Filament and anther.
115. What is the function of the anther?
Produces pollen grains.
116. What is a carpel?
Female reproductive organ of a flower.
117. What are the three parts of a carpel?
Stigma, style, and ovary.
118. What is the function of the stigma?
Receives pollen grains.
119. What is the function of the style?
Connects stigma to ovary.
120. What is the function of the ovary?
Contains ovules.
121. What is a syncarpous gynoecium?
Carpels fused together.
122. Name a plant with a syncarpous gynoecium.
Tomato.
123. What is an apocarpous gynoecium?
Carpels free from each other.
124. Name a plant with an apocarpous gynoecium.
Michelia.
125. What is aestivation?
Arrangement of sepals or petals in a flower bud.
126. What are the four main types of aestivation?
Valvate, twisted, imbricate, and vexillary.
127. What is valvate aestivation?
Sepals or petals touch without overlapping.
128. Name a plant with valvate aestivation.
Calotropis.
129. What is twisted aestivation?
One margin of each sepal or petal overlaps the next.
130. Name a plant with twisted aestivation.
131. What is imbricate aestivation?
Sepals or petals overlap irregularly.
132. Name a plant with imbricate aestivation.
Cassia.
133. What is vexillary aestivation?
One large petal overlaps two smaller ones, which overlap two smallest.
134. Name a plant with vexillary aestivation.
135. What is a fruit?
Ripened ovary containing seeds.
136. What is a pericarp?
Fruit wall developed from the ovary wall.
137. What are the three layers of the pericarp?
Epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
138. What is a simple fruit?
Fruit developed from a single ovary.
139. Name a simple fruit.
140. What is an aggregate fruit?
Fruit developed from multiple ovaries of a single flower.
141. Name an aggregate fruit.
Custard apple.
142. What is a composite fruit?
Fruit developed from an entire inflorescence.
143. Name a composite fruit.
Pineapple.
144. What is a drupe?
Fleshy fruit with a hard endocarp.
145. Name a drupe.
146. What is a berry?
Fleshy fruit with a soft pericarp.
147. Name a berry.
148. What is a seed?
Ripened ovule containing an embryo.
149. What are the two main types of seeds?
Monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous.
150. What is the function of the seed coat?
Protects the embryo.
151. What is the hilum in a seed?
Point of attachment to the ovary.
152. What is the micropyle in a seed?
Small pore for water entry during germination.
153. What is a monocotyledonous seed?
Seed with one cotyledon.
154. Name a monocotyledonous seed.
155. What is a dicotyledonous seed?
Seed with two cotyledons.
156. Name a dicotyledonous seed.
Bean.
157. What is the endosperm in a seed?
Nutritive tissue for the embryo.
158. What is a non-endospermic seed?
Seed where the endosperm is consumed during development.
159. Name a non-endospermic seed.
160. What is a floral diagram?
Diagrammatic representation of a flower’s structure.
161. What is a floral formula?
Symbolic representation of a flower’s structure.
162. What does the symbol K represent in a floral formula?
Calyx.
163. What does the symbol C represent in a floral formula?
Corolla.
164. What does the symbol A represent in a floral formula?
Androecium.
165. What does the symbol G represent in a floral formula?
Gynoecium.
166. What does a number in a floral formula indicate?
Number of floral parts in a whorl.
167. What does a parenthesis in a floral formula indicate?
Fusion of floral parts.
168. What is the floral formula of the family Fabaceae?
% K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1.
169. What is the floral formula of the family Solanaceae?
⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2).
170. What is the floral formula of the family Liliaceae?
⚥ P3+3 A3+3 G(3).
171. What is the characteristic feature of the Fabaceae family?
Leguminous fruit and alternate phyllotaxy.
172. What is the characteristic feature of the Solanaceae family?
Actinomorphic flowers and bicarpellary gynoecium.
173. What is the characteristic feature of the Liliaceae family?
Trimerous flowers and parallel venation.
174. What is a legume?
Fruit characteristic of the Fabaceae family.
175. Name a plant in the Fabaceae family.
176. Name a plant in the Solanaceae family.
177. Name a plant in the Liliaceae family.
178. What is anatomy in the context of flowering plants?
Study of internal structure and organization.
179. What are the three main types of plant tissues?
Meristematic, permanent, and complex.
180. What is meristematic tissue?
Tissue with actively dividing cells.
181. What is the function of meristematic tissue?
Growth and development.
182. What are the three types of meristems based on position?
Apical, intercalary, and lateral.
183. Where is the apical meristem located?
Tips of roots and shoots.
184. What is the function of the apical meristem?
Primary growth in length.
185. Where is the intercalary meristem located?
Base of leaves or internodes.
186. What is the function of the intercalary meristem?
Growth of leaves and internodes.
187. Where is the lateral meristem located?
Along lateral sides of stems and roots.
188. What is the function of the lateral meristem?
Secondary growth in thickness.
189. What are the two types of lateral meristems?
Vascular cambium and cork cambium.
190. What is permanent tissue?
Tissue with differentiated, non-dividing cells.
191. What are the two types of permanent tissues?
Simple and complex.
192. What is simple permanent tissue?
Tissue made of one type of cell.
193. What are the three types of simple permanent tissues?
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
194. What is the function of parenchyma tissue?
Storage, photosynthesis, and secretion.
195. Where is parenchyma tissue found?
Cortex, pith, and mesophyll.
196. What is the function of collenchyma tissue?
Mechanical support and flexibility.
197. Where is collenchyma tissue found?
Below the epidermis in stems and petioles.
198. What is the function of sclerenchyma tissue?
Mechanical support and strength.
199. What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?
Fibres and sclereids.
200. Where are sclerenchyma fibres found?
Vascular tissues and cortex.
201. Where are sclereids found?
Fruit walls and seed coats.
202. What is complex permanent tissue?
Tissue made of more than one type of cell.
203. What are the two types of complex permanent tissues?
Xylem and phloem.
204. What is the function of xylem?
Transport of water and minerals.
205. What are the four components of xylem?
Tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibres.
206. What is the function of tracheids?
Conduction of water and mechanical support.
207. What is the function of xylem vessels?
Conduction of water.
208. What is the function of xylem parenchyma?
Storage and lateral transport.
209. What is the function of xylem fibres?
Mechanical support.
210. What is the function of phloem?
Transport of food materials.
211. What are the four components of phloem?
Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres.
212. What is the function of sieve tubes?
Conduction of food.
213. What is the function of companion cells?
Support sieve tubes metabolically.
214. What is the function of phloem parenchyma?
215. What is the function of phloem fibres?
216. What is the tissue system in plants?
Group of tissues performing a specific function.
217. What are the three main tissue systems in plants?
Epidermal, ground, and vascular.
218. What is the epidermal tissue system?
Outermost protective layer of the plant.
219. What are the components of the epidermal tissue system?
Epidermis, stomata, and trichomes.
220. What is the function of the epidermis?
Protection and prevention of water loss.
221. What is the cuticle?
Waxy layer on the epidermis reducing water loss.
222. What are stomata?
Pores in the epidermis for gas exchange.
223. What are guard cells?
Cells regulating the opening and closing of stomata.
224. What are trichomes?
Hair-like structures on the epidermis.
225. What is the function of trichomes?
Protection and reducing transpiration.
226. What is the ground tissue system?
Tissues between the epidermis and vascular system.
227. What are the components of the ground tissue system?
Cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and pith.
228. What is the function of the cortex?
Storage and support.
229. What is the endodermis?
Innermost layer of the cortex with Casparian strips.
230. What is the function of the endodermis?
Regulates water and nutrient movement.
231. What is the pericycle?
Layer between the endodermis and vascular bundles.
232. What is the function of the pericycle?
Initiates lateral roots and secondary growth.
233. What is the pith?
Central parenchymatous tissue in stems.
234. What is the function of the pith?
Storage.
235. What is the vascular tissue system?
Tissues responsible for transport.
236. What are the components of the vascular tissue system?
237. What is a vascular bundle?
Strand of xylem and phloem.
238. What is a conjoint vascular bundle?
Xylem and phloem in the same radius.
239. What is a collateral vascular bundle?
Xylem and phloem side by side.
240. What is a bicollateral vascular bundle?
Phloem on both sides of xylem.
241. What is a radial vascular bundle?
Xylem and phloem in different radii.
242. What is an open vascular bundle?
Vascular bundle with cambium.
243. What is a closed vascular bundle?
Vascular bundle without cambium.
244. Which plants have open vascular bundles?
245. Which plants have closed vascular bundles?
246. What is the anatomy of a dicot root?
Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular bundles.
247. What is the arrangement of vascular bundles in a dicot root?
Radial.
248. What is the anatomy of a monocot root?
Similar to dicot but with polyarch xylem.
249. What is polyarch xylem?
Many xylem strands in a monocot root.
250. What is the anatomy of a dicot stem?
Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.
251. What is the arrangement of vascular bundles in a dicot stem?
Conjoint, collateral, and open.
252. What is the anatomy of a monocot stem?
Epidermis, hypodermis, scattered vascular bundles, and ground tissue.
253. What is the arrangement of vascular bundles in a monocot stem?
Scattered, conjoint, collateral, and closed.
254. What is the anatomy of a dicot leaf?
Epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles.
255. What is the mesophyll in a dicot leaf?
Photosynthetic tissue between the upper and lower epidermis.
256. What are the two types of mesophyll in a dicot leaf?
Palisade and spongy parenchyma.
257. What is the anatomy of a monocot leaf?
Similar to dicot but with uniform mesophyll.
258. What is secondary growth in plants?
Increase in girth due to lateral meristems.
259. What is the role of the vascular cambium in secondary growth?
Produces secondary xylem and phloem.
260. What is the role of the cork cambium in secondary growth?
Produces cork and phelloderm.
261. What is periderm?
Protective layer formed by cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm.
262. What is a lenticel?
Pore in the periderm for gas exchange.
263. What is heartwood?
Central, non-functional secondary xylem.
264. What is sapwood?
Outer, functional secondary xylem.
265. What are annual rings?
Rings of secondary xylem formed annually.
266. What is bark?
All tissues outside the vascular cambium.
267. What is structural organisation in animals?
Study of tissue and organ system arrangement.
268. What is a tissue in animals?
Group of cells with a common function.
269. What are the four main types of animal tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
270. What is epithelial tissue?
Tissue covering body surfaces or lining cavities.
271. What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.
272. What are the two main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple and compound.
273. What is simple epithelium?
Single layer of cells.
274. What are the three types of simple epithelium based on shape?
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
275. What is squamous epithelium?
Flat, thin cells for diffusion.
276. Where is squamous epithelium found?
Alveoli and blood vessels.
277. What is cuboidal epithelium?
Cube-shaped cells for secretion and absorption.
278. Where is cuboidal epithelium found?
Kidney tubules.
279. What is columnar epithelium?
Column-shaped cells for absorption and secretion.
280. Where is columnar epithelium found?
Intestinal lining.
281. What is ciliated epithelium?
Columnar epithelium with cilia for movement.
282. Where is ciliated epithelium found?
Respiratory tract.
283. What is pseudostratified epithelium?
Single layer appearing stratified due to uneven nuclei.
284. Where is pseudostratified epithelium found?
Trachea.
285. What is compound epithelium?
Multiple layers of cells for protection.
286. Where is compound epithelium found?
Skin and mouth lining.
287. What is transitional epithelium?
Compound epithelium that can stretch.
288. Where is transitional epithelium found?
Urinary bladder.
289. What is glandular epithelium?
Epithelium specialized for secretion.
290. What are the two types of glandular epithelium?
Exocrine and endocrine.
291. What is exocrine glandular epithelium?
Secretes products through ducts.
292. Name an exocrine gland.
Salivary gland.
293. What is endocrine glandular epithelium?
Secretes hormones directly into the blood.
294. Name an endocrine gland.
Thyroid gland.
295. What is connective tissue?
Tissue that supports, binds, or separates other tissues.
296. What are the three main components of connective tissue?
Cells, fibres, and ground substance.
297. What are the main types of connective tissues?
Loose, dense, specialized, and skeletal.
298. What is loose connective tissue?
Connective tissue with loosely arranged fibres.
299. What are the two types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar and adipose.
300. What is areolar tissue?
Loose connective tissue with fibroblasts and fibres.
301. Where is areolar tissue found?
Below the skin.
302. What is adipose tissue?
Loose connective tissue storing fat.
303. Where is adipose tissue found?
Below the skin and around organs.
304. What is dense connective tissue?
Connective tissue with densely packed fibres.
305. What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular and dense irregular.
306. What is dense regular connective tissue?
Fibres arranged in a regular pattern.
307. Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
Tendons and ligaments.
308. What is dense irregular connective tissue?
Fibres arranged irregularly.
309. Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
Dermis of the skin.
310. What is specialized connective tissue?
Connective tissue with specific functions.
311. What are the types of specialized connective tissues?
Blood, cartilage, and bone.
312. What is blood?
Fluid connective tissue for transport.
313. What are the components of blood?
Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
314. What is cartilage?
Flexible connective tissue with chondrocytes.
315. What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
316. Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Nose tip and trachea.
317. Where is elastic cartilage found?
Ear pinna.
318. Where is fibrocartilage found?
Intervertebral discs.
319. What is bone?
Hard connective tissue with osteocytes.
320. What is the function of bone?
Support, protection, and movement.
321. What is muscular tissue?
Tissue responsible for movement.
322. What are the three types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
323. What is skeletal muscle?
Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones.
324. Where is skeletal muscle found?
Arms and legs.
325. What is smooth muscle?
Involuntary, non-striated muscle.
326. Where is smooth muscle found?
Walls of internal organs.
327. What is cardiac muscle?
Involuntary, striated muscle with intercalated discs.
328. Where is cardiac muscle found?
Heart.
329. What is nervous tissue?
Tissue responsible for coordination and control.
330. What are the main cells of nervous tissue?
Neurons and neuroglia.
331. What is a neuron?
Cell that transmits nerve impulses.
332. What are the three parts of a neuron?
Cell body, dendrites, and axon.
333. What is the function of dendrites?
Receive nerve impulses.
334. What is the function of the axon?
Transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body.
335. What is the scientific name of the cockroach?
Periplaneta americana.
336. What is the body segmentation of a cockroach?
Head, thorax, and abdomen.
337. How many segments are in the thorax of a cockroach?
Three (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax).
338. How many segments are in the abdomen of a cockroach?
Ten.
339. What is the exoskeleton of a cockroach made of?
Chitin.
340. What is the function of the exoskeleton in a cockroach?
Protection and support.
341. What are sclerites in a cockroach?
Hardened plates of the exoskeleton.
342. What is the head of a cockroach composed of?
Six fused segments.
343. What is the orientation of the cockroach’s head?
Hypognathous (downward).
344. What are the compound eyes of a cockroach?
Paired eyes with multiple visual units.
345. What are antennae in a cockroach?
Sensory organs for touch and smell.
346. What are the mouthparts of a cockroach?
Labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx.
347. What is the function of the labrum in a cockroach?
Acts as an upper lip.
348. What is the function of mandibles in a cockroach?
Chewing food.
349. What is the function of maxillae in a cockroach?
Manipulation of food.
350. What is the function of the labium in a cockroach?
Acts as a lower lip.
351. What is the hypopharynx in a cockroach?
A tongue-like structure.
352. How many pairs of wings does a cockroach have?
Two pairs.
353. What are the forewings of a cockroach called?
Tegmina.
354. What is the function of tegmina in a cockroach?
Protect the hindwings.
355. What are the hindwings of a cockroach used for?
Flying.
356. How many pairs of legs does a cockroach have?
Three pairs.
357. What are the segments of a cockroach leg?
Coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus.
358. What is the function of the tarsus in a cockroach leg?
Walking and gripping.
359. What is the alimentary canal of a cockroach?
Digestive tract from mouth to anus.
360. What are the three main parts of the cockroach alimentary canal?
Foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
361. What is the crop in a cockroach?
Sac in the foregut for food storage.
362. What is the gizzard in a cockroach?
Muscular structure in the foregut for grinding food.
363. What are hepatic caeca in a cockroach?
Digestive glands at the junction of foregut and midgut.
364. What is the function of hepatic caeca?
Secrete digestive enzymes.
365. What is the midgut in a cockroach?
Site of digestion and absorption.
366. What is the hindgut in a cockroach?
Region for water absorption and excretion.
367. What are Malpighian tubules in a cockroach?
Excretory organs at the junction of midgut and hindgut.
368. What is the function of Malpighian tubules?
Remove nitrogenous wastes.
369. What is the respiratory system of a cockroach?
Network of tracheae for gas exchange.
370. What are spiracles in a cockroach?
Openings for air entry into tracheae.
371. How many pairs of spiracles does a cockroach have?
Ten pairs.
372. What is the circulatory system of a cockroach?
Open type with haemolymph.
373. What is the heart of a cockroach?
A dorsal, tubular structure with 13 chambers.
374. What is haemolymph in a cockroach?
Fluid equivalent to blood.
375. What is the nervous system of a cockroach?
Central, peripheral, and sympathetic systems.
376. What is the brain of a cockroach?
Supraoesophageal ganglion in the head.
377. What is the ventral nerve cord in a cockroach?
Double cord with segmental ganglia.
378. What are the sense organs of a cockroach?
Antennae, compound eyes, and maxillary palps.
379. What is the reproductive system of a male cockroach?
Testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory duct.
380. What is the reproductive system of a female cockroach?
Ovaries, oviducts, spermatheca, and genital chamber.
381. What is the ootheca in a cockroach?
Egg case produced by the female.
382. What is the economic importance of a cockroach?
Pest causing food contamination and disease spread.
383. What is the function of the hypodermis in a dicot stem?
Provides mechanical strength.
384. What is the role of the starch sheath in a dicot stem?
Storage of starch.
385. What is the difference between dicot and monocot root anatomy?
Dicot has diarch to tetrarch xylem; monocot has polyarch xylem.
386. What is the role of the conjunctive tissue in a monocot root?
Separates vascular bundles.
387. What is the function of the hypodermis in a monocot stem?
Provides mechanical support.
388. What is the difference between dicot and monocot leaf anatomy?
Dicot has differentiated mesophyll; monocot has uniform mesophyll.
389. What is the role of bulliform cells in a monocot leaf?
Help in leaf rolling to reduce water loss.
390. What is the difference between spring wood and autumn wood?
Spring wood has wider vessels; autumn wood has narrower vessels.
391. What is the significance of annual rings in trees?
Indicate the age of the tree.
392. What is the role of phellogen in secondary growth?
Another term for cork cambium.
393. What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood?
Heartwood is non-functional; sapwood conducts water.
394. What is the function of the periderm in a dicot stem?
Replaces epidermis during secondary growth.
395. What is the role of lenticels in secondary growth?
Facilitate gas exchange in woody stems.
396. What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?
Primary growth increases length; secondary growth increases girth.
397. What is the role of the procambium in plant anatomy?
Forms primary xylem and phloem.
398. What is the ground meristem in plant anatomy?
Forms ground tissues like cortex and pith.
399. What is the protoderm in plant anatomy?
Forms the epidermis.
400. What is the difference between xylem and phloem in function?
Xylem transports water; phloem transports food.
401. What is the role of the Casparian strip in the endodermis?
Prevents apoplastic flow of water.
402. What is the difference between tracheids and vessels?
Tracheids are elongated; vessels are tubular and wider.
403. What is the role of sieve plates in phloem?
Facilitate food transport between sieve tube elements.
404. What is the difference between monocot and dicot vascular bundles?
Monocot has scattered, closed bundles; dicot has arranged, open bundles.
405. What is the role of the pericycle in a dicot root?
Initiates lateral roots and vascular cambium.
406. What is the function of the cortex in a monocot stem?
407. What is the role of the hypodermis in a dicot leaf?
Provides structural support.
408. What is the difference between palisade and spongy parenchyma?
Palisade is compact for photosynthesis; spongy is loose for gas exchange.
409. What is the role of the bundle sheath in a monocot leaf?
Surrounds vascular bundles for support.
410. What is the function of the resin ducts in a dicot stem?
Secrete resin for protection.
411. What is the role of the medullary rays in a dicot stem?
Radial transport of materials.
412. What is the difference between a stem and a root in anatomy?
Stem has pith and conjoint bundles; root has no pith and radial bundles.
413. What is the function of the root cap?
Protects the root meristem.
414. What is the role of the quiescent centre in a root?
Region of low mitotic activity in the root meristem.
415. What is the difference between a tap root and adventitious root?
Tap root develops from radicle; adventitious root develops from other parts.
416. What is the function of the root hairs?
Increase surface area for water absorption.
417. What is the role of the epiblema in a root?
Outermost layer forming root hairs.
418. What is the difference between a rhizome and a tuber?
Rhizome is a horizontal stem; tuber is a swollen stem.
419. What is the function of a corm?
420. Name a plant with a corm.
Gladiolus.
421. What is the difference between a bulb and a corm?
Bulb has fleshy leaves; corm is a solid stem.
422. What is the function of a runner?
Vegetative propagation.
423. Name a plant with runners.
Strawberry.
424. What is the difference between a runner and a stolon?
Runner grows horizontally above ground; stolon may grow below ground.
425. What is the function of a sucker?
426. Name a plant with suckers.
Chrysanthemum.
427. What is the difference between a tendril and a thorn?
Tendril is for climbing; thorn is for protection.
428. What is the function of a leaf hook?
429. Name a plant with leaf hooks.
Bignonia.
430. What is the difference between a simple and compound leaf?
Simple leaf has one lamina; compound leaf has multiple leaflets.
431. What is the function of the petiolule?
Stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.
432. What is the difference between pinnate and palmate compound leaves?
Pinnate has leaflets along a rachis; palmate has leaflets from a single point.
433. What is the function of the leaf apex?
Determines leaf shape and water shedding.
434. What is the difference between acute and acuminate leaf apex?
Acute is sharply pointed; acuminate is gradually tapered.
435. What is the function of the leaf margin?
Affects leaf strength and transpiration.
436. What is a serrate leaf margin?
Toothed margin with forward-pointing teeth.
437. Name a plant with a serrate leaf margin.
Rose.
438. What is the difference between entire and lobed leaf margins?
Entire is smooth; lobed has deep indentations.
439. What is the function of the leaf veins?
Transport water, nutrients, and provide support.
440. What is the difference between unicostate and multicostate venation?
Unicostate has one main vein; multicostate has multiple main veins.
441. What is the function of the stipules in a leaf?
Protect young leaves or aid in photosynthesis.
442. What is the difference between free lateral and adnate stipules?
Free lateral stipules are unattached; adnate stipules are fused to the petiole.
443. What is the function of the pulvinus in a leaf?
Allows leaf movement in some plants.
444. Name a plant with pulvinus.
Mimosa.
445. What is the difference between a leaf and a leaflet?
Leaf has a bud at its base; leaflet does not.
446. What is the function of the inflorescence axis?
Supports and arranges flowers.
447. What is the difference between determinate and indeterminate inflorescence?
Determinate ends in a flower; indeterminate continues to grow.
448. What is a panicle?
Branched racemose inflorescence.
449. Name a plant with a panicle inflorescence.
Rice.
450. What is a corymb?
Racemose inflorescence with a flat top.
451. Name a plant with a corymb inflorescence.
Candytuft.
452. What is the difference between a raceme and a spike?
Raceme has pedicellate flowers; spike has sessile flowers.
453. What is the function of the spathe in a spadix?
Protects the flowers.
454. What is a compound umbel?
Umbel with smaller umbels at the ends.
455. Name a plant with a compound umbel.
Carrot.
456. What is a head inflorescence?
Another term for capitulum.
457. What is the difference between ray and disc florets in a capitulum?
Ray florets are peripheral; disc florets are central.
458. What is a dichasial cyme?
Cymose inflorescence with two lateral branches.
459. Name a plant with a dichasial cyme.
Dianthus.
460. What is a monochasial cyme?
Cymose inflorescence with one lateral branch.
461. Name a plant with a monochasial cyme.
Begonia.
462. What is the function of the thalamus in a flower?
Supports floral whorls.
463. What is the difference between hypogynous and epigynous flowers?
Hypogynous has ovary above other whorls; epigynous has ovary below.
464. Name a plant with a hypogynous flower.
465. Name a plant with an epigynous flower.
466. What is a perigynous flower?
Flower with ovary half-inferior.
467. Name a plant with a perigynous flower.
468. What is the function of the anther lobes?
Contain pollen sacs.
469. What is the difference between monothecous and dithecous anthers?
Monothecous has one lobe; dithecous has two lobes.
470. What is the role of the tapetum in the anther?
Nourishes developing pollen grains.
471. What is the function of the pollen grain?
Carries male gametes for fertilization.
472. What is the difference between free and fused stamens?
Free stamens are separate; fused stamens are united.
473. What is polyandrous androecium?
Many free stamens.
474. Name a plant with polyandrous androecium.
475. What is the difference between epipetalous and epiphyllous stamens?
Epipetalous are attached to petals; epiphyllous are attached to perianth.
476. What is the function of the ovule in the ovary?
Develops into a seed after fertilization.
477. What is the difference between anatropous and orthotropous ovules?
Anatropous is inverted; orthotropous is upright.
478. What is the function of the funicle in an ovule?
Attaches ovule to the placenta.
479. What is the role of the integuments in an ovule?
Form the seed coat.
480. What is the difference between unilocular and multilocular ovary?
Unilocular has one chamber; multilocular has multiple chambers.
481. What is the function of the placenta in the ovary?
Attaches ovules to the ovary wall.
482. What is axile placentation?
Ovules attached to a central axis.
483. Name a plant with axile placentation.
484. What is parietal placentation?
Ovules attached to the ovary wall.
485. Name a plant with parietal placentation.
486. What is free central placentation?
Ovules attached to a central column without septa.
487. Name a plant with free central placentation.
Primrose.
488. What is basal placentation?
Single ovule at the base of the ovary.
489. Name a plant with basal placentation.
490. What is marginal placentation?
Ovules along the margin of a unilocular ovary.
491. Name a plant with marginal placentation.
492. What is the difference between superior and inferior ovary?
Superior ovary is above other whorls; inferior is below.
493. What is the function of the sepals in a flower?
Protect the flower in bud stage.
494. What is the difference between gamosepalous and polysepalous calyx?
Gamosepalous has fused sepals; polysepalous has free sepals.
495. What is the function of the petals in a flower?
Attract pollinators.
496. What is the difference between gamopetalous and polypetalous corolla?
Gamopetalous has fused petals; polypetalous has free petals.
497. What is a corolla tube?
Fused portion of gamopetalous corolla.
498. What is the difference between regular and irregular flowers?
Regular flowers are symmetrical; irregular are asymmetrical.
499. What is the function of the nectar in a flower?
Attracts pollinators.
500. What is the difference between a bracteate and ebracteate flower?
Bracteate has bracts; ebracteate lacks bracts.
501. What is the function of the bracteole?
Small bract on the pedicel.
502. What is the difference between a pedicellate and sessile flower?
Pedicellate has a pedicel; sessile lacks a pedicel.
503. What is the role of the receptacle in a flower?
Expanded end of the pedicel bearing floral parts.
504. What is the difference between cyclic and spiral arrangement of floral whorls?
Cyclic has whorls in circles; spiral has whorls in a spiral.
505. What is a tetramerous flower?
Flower with floral parts in multiples of four.
506. Name a plant with a tetramerous flower.
Brassica.
507. What is a pentamerous flower?
Flower with floral parts in multiples of five.
508. Name a plant with a pentamerous flower.
509. What is the difference between a complete and incomplete fruit?
Complete fruit has all pericarp layers; incomplete lacks some layers.
510. What is a hesperidium?
Fleshy fruit with a leathery rind.
511. Name a hesperidium.
Orange.
512. What is a pepo?
Fleshy fruit with a hard rind.
513. Name a pepo.
Cucumber.
514. What is a pome?
False fruit with a fleshy thalamus.
515. Name a pome.
Apple.
516. What is the difference between a true fruit and a false fruit?
True fruit develops from ovary; false fruit includes other floral parts.
517. What is a parthenocarpic fruit?
Fruit formed without fertilization.
518. Name a parthenocarpic fruit.
Banana.
519. What is the function of the cotyledons in a seed?
Store food for the embryo.
520. What is the difference between albuminous and exalbuminous seeds?
Albuminous seeds have endosperm; exalbuminous lack endosperm.
521. What is the role of the plumule in a seed?
Develops into the shoot.
522. What is the role of the radicle in a seed?
Develops into the root.
523. What is the difference between a monocot and dicot embryo?
Monocot has one cotyledon; dicot has two.
524. What is the function of the scutellum in a monocot seed?
Acts as a single cotyledon.
525. What is the role of the coleoptile in a monocot seed?
Protects the plumule.
526. What is the role of the coleorhiza in a monocot seed?
Protects the radicle.
527. What is the economic importance of the Fabaceae family?
Source of pulses and fodder.
528. What is the economic importance of the Solanaceae family?
Source of vegetables and medicines.
529. What is the economic importance of the Liliaceae family?
Source of ornamentals and medicines.
530. What is the difference between a root and a rhizoid?
Root is vascular; rhizoid is non-vascular.
531. What is the function of the cladophyll in some plants?
532. Name a plant with cladophylls.
Ruscus.
533. What is the difference between a phyllode and a phylloclade?
Phyllode is a flattened petiole; phylloclade is a flattened stem.
534. Name a plant with phyllodes.
Acacia.
535. What is the function of the offset in plants?
536. Name a plant with offsets.
Water hyacinth.
537. What is the difference between a leaf spine and a stem spine?
Leaf spine is a modified leaf; stem spine is a modified stem.
538. What is the function of the leaf sheath?
Protects the stem in monocots.
539. Name a plant with a leaf sheath.
540. What is the difference between a ligule and a stipule?
Ligule is at the leaf sheath base; stipule is at the leaf base.
541. What is the function of the ligule in grasses?
Prevents water entry into the sheath.
542. What is the difference between a peduncle and a pedicel?
Peduncle supports inflorescence; pedicel supports a single flower.
543. What is the function of the involucre in a capitulum?
Protects the florets.
544. What is the difference between a floret and a flower?
Floret is a small flower in an inflorescence; flower is a complete reproductive unit.
545. What is the role of the palea and lemma in a grass floret?
Protect the reproductive organs.
546. What is the difference between a spikelet and a floret?
Spikelet is a group of florets; floret is a single small flower.
547. What is the function of the awn in a grass floret?
Aids in seed dispersal.
548. What is the difference between a hermaphrodite and a unisexual flower?
Hermaphrodite has both sexes; unisexual has one sex.
549. What is the role of the corolla in pollination?
Attracts pollinators with color and shape.
550. What is the difference between a tubular and a campanulate corolla?
Tubular is cylindrical; campanulate is bell-shaped.
551. What is the function of the epicalyx?
Additional protective layer below the calyx.
552. Name a plant with an epicalyx.
553. What is the difference between a calyx and an epicalyx?
Calyx is the sepal whorl; epicalyx is an extra whorl of bract-like structures.
554. What is the role of the antheridium in plants?
Produces male gametes in lower plants.
555. What is the role of the archegonium in plants?
Produces female gametes in lower plants.
556. What is the difference between a monocarpellary and multicarpellary gynoecium?
Monocarpellary has one carpel; multicarpellary has multiple carpels.
557. What is the function of the style in pollination?
Guides pollen tube to the ovary.
558. What is the difference between a dry and fleshy fruit?
Dry fruit has a hard pericarp; fleshy fruit has a soft pericarp.
559. What is a capsule?
Dry dehiscent fruit splitting along multiple lines.
560. Name a plant with a capsule fruit.
561. What is a siliqua?
Dry dehiscent fruit of the Brassicaceae family.
562. Name a plant with a siliqua fruit.
563. What is a nut?
Dry indehiscent fruit with a hard pericarp.
564. Name a plant with a nut fruit.
Cashew.
565. What is a caryopsis?
Dry indehiscent fruit with seed fused to pericarp.
566. Name a plant with a caryopsis fruit.
567. What is a samara?
Dry indehiscent fruit with winged pericarp.
568. Name a plant with a samara fruit.
Maple.
569. What is the difference between dehiscent and indehiscent fruits?
Dehiscent fruits split open; indehiscent fruits do not.
570. What is a schizocarpic fruit?
Fruit splitting into one-seeded units.
571. Name a plant with a schizocarpic fruit.
572. What is the function of the pericarp in a fruit?
Protects seeds and aids in dispersal.
573. What is the difference between a drupe and a berry?
Drupe has a hard endocarp; berry has a soft endocarp.
574. What is the role of the endosperm in seed germination?
Provides nutrients to the embryo.
575. What is the difference between a seed and a fruit?
Seed is a ripened ovule; fruit is a ripened ovary.
576. What is the function of the testa in a seed?
Outer layer of the seed coat for protection.
577. What is the function of the tegmen in a seed?
Inner layer of the seed coat.
578. What is the difference between a dicot and monocot seed structure?
Dicot has two cotyledons and no scutellum; monocot has one cotyledon and a scutellum.
579. What is the role of the epicotyl in a seed?
Region above cotyledons forming the shoot.
580. What is the role of the hypocotyl in a seed?
Region below cotyledons forming the stem base.
581. What is the difference between a floral diagram and a floral formula?
Diagram shows structure visually; formula uses symbols.
582. What is the significance of the floral formula in taxonomy?
Helps identify plant families.
583. What is the difference between the Fabaceae and Solanaceae families?
Fabaceae has zygomorphic flowers; Solanaceae has actinomorphic flowers.
584. What is the difference between the Solanaceae and Liliaceae families?
Solanaceae has pentamerous flowers; Liliaceae has trimerous flowers.
585. What is the role of the keel petals in Fabaceae?
Enclose stamens and pistil.
586. What is the difference between a standard and wing petals in Fabaceae?
Standard is the large upper petal; wings are lateral petals.
587. What is the economic importance of the potato?
Staple food crop.
588. What is the economic importance of the pea?
Source of protein.
589. What is the economic importance of the onion?
Used as a vegetable and spice.
590. What is the difference between a meristem and a permanent tissue?
Meristem is dividing tissue; permanent tissue is non-dividing.
591. What is the role of the fascicular cambium in a dicot stem?
Forms secondary vascular tissues.
592. What is the difference between intra- and interfascicular cambium?
Intrafascicular is within bundles; interfascicular is between bundles.
593. What is the role of the phelloderm in secondary growth?
Forms living cells inside the periderm.
594. What is the difference between primary and secondary xylem?
Primary xylem is from procamb
595. What is the role of secondary phloem in a dicot stem?
Transports food materials during secondary growth.
596. What is the difference between primary and secondary phloem?
Primary phloem is formed by procambium; secondary phloem is formed by vascular cambium.
597. What is the significance of the cambial ring in secondary growth?
Forms a continuous cylinder for secondary xylem and phloem production.
598. What is the role of the cork in a dicot stem?
Protects against water loss and pathogens.
599. What is the difference between phellem and phelloderm?
Phellem is dead cork cells; phelloderm is living cells inside cork cambium.
600. What is the function of the secondary cortex in a dicot stem?
Provides structural support and storage.
601. What is the difference between a dicot and monocot stem in secondary growth?
Dicot undergoes secondary growth; monocot typically does not.
602. What is the role of the vascular rays in secondary growth?
Facilitate radial transport of water and nutrients.
603. What is the difference between early wood and late wood?
Early wood has larger vessels; late wood has smaller, denser vessels.
604. What is the significance of the bark in a woody stem?
Protects inner tissues and prevents water loss.
605. What is the role of the pericyclic sclerenchyma in a dicot root?
606. What is the difference between a monocot and dicot root in vascular arrangement?
Monocot has polyarch xylem; dicot has diarch to tetrarch xylem.
607. What is the function of the passage cells in the endodermis?
Allow selective passage of water and nutrients.
608. What is the role of the root meristem in growth?
Produces new cells for root elongation.
609. What is the difference between a fibrous and adventitious root system?
Fibrous roots arise from the base; adventitious roots arise from other parts.
610. What is the function of the velamen radicum in epiphytic roots?
Absorbs moisture from the air.
611. Name a plant with velamen radicum.
Orchid.
612. What is the role of the haustorial roots in parasitic plants?
Absorb nutrients from the host.
613. Name a plant with haustorial roots.
Cuscuta.
614. What is the function of the contractile roots?
Pull the plant deeper into the soil.
615. Name a plant with contractile roots.
Oxalis.
616. What is the difference between a tap root and a tuberous root?
Tap root is the main root; tuberous root is swollen for storage.
617. Name a plant with tuberous roots.
Sweet potato.
618. What is the function of the fascicular roots?
Storage and absorption.
619. Name a plant with fascicular roots.
620. What is the role of the root nodules in leguminous plants?
House nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
621. Name a plant with root nodules.
622. What is the difference between a stem and a culm?
Stem is general; culm is a hollow stem in grasses.
623. Name a plant with a culm.
Bamboo.
624. What is the function of the offset in aquatic plants?
625. Name a plant with offsets.
Pistia.
626. What is the role of the bulbil in plants?
627. Name a plant with bulbils.
Agave.
628. What is the difference between a stem tuber and a root tuber?
Stem tuber is a modified stem; root tuber is a modified root.
629. What is the function of the leaf scar on a stem?
Marks the point of leaf attachment.
630. What is the role of the axillary bud in plant growth?
Forms branches or flowers.
631. What is the difference between a terminal bud and a vegetative bud?
Terminal bud is at the apex; vegetative bud forms shoots.
632. What is the function of the adventitious bud?
Forms new shoots from non-axillary regions.
633. Name a plant with adventitious buds.
Bryophyllum.
634. What is the role of the leaf primordium in shoot development?
Develops into a leaf.
635. What is the difference between a cauline and ramal bud?
Cauline bud is on the main stem; ramal bud is on branches.
636. What is the function of the spine in Opuntia?
Reduces water loss and protects.
637. What is the difference between a phylloclade and a cladode?
Phylloclade is a flattened stem; cladode is a single internode.
638. What is the role of the tendril in Cucurbita?
639. What is the difference between a leaf tendril and a stem tendril?
Leaf tendril is a modified leaf; stem tendril is a modified stem.
640. What is the function of the leaf base in grasses?
Forms a sheath around the stem.
641. What is the role of the auricle in a grass leaf?
Clasps the stem at the leaf base.
642. Name a plant with auricles.
643. What is the difference between a petiole and a rachis?
Petiole supports a simple leaf; rachis supports leaflets in a compound leaf.
644. What is the function of the leaf lamina in photosynthesis?
Main site of light absorption.
645. What is the difference between a linear and lanceolate leaf shape?
Linear is narrow and straight; lanceolate is broader and pointed.
646. Name a plant with a linear leaf.
647. Name a plant with a lanceolate leaf.
Willow.
648. What is the function of the leaf apex in drip tips?
Sheds excess water in rainy environments.
649. Name a plant with drip tips.
650. What is the difference between a crenate and dentate leaf margin?
Crenate has rounded teeth; dentate has sharp, outward teeth.
651. Name a plant with a crenate leaf margin.
Spinach.
652. What is the role of the midrib in a leaf?
Main vein providing structural support.
653. What is the difference between unicostate and multicostate reticulate venation?
Unicostate has one midrib; multicostate has multiple main veins.
654. Name a plant with unicostate reticulate venation.
655. Name a plant with multicostate reticulate venation.
Peepal.
656. What is the difference between convergent and divergent multicostate venation?
Convergent veins meet at the apex; divergent veins spread outward.
657. What is the function of the stipule in Lathyrus?
Forms a tendril-like structure.
658. What is the difference between ochreate and interpetiolar stipules?
Ochreate sti
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